The opposite response was observed in a basipetal auxin transport impaired mutant aux1-7, which was slightly rescued by exogenous GSNO application. Furthermore, Fe deficiency or alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid application failed to induce Fe-deficiency responses in noa1 and nial nia2, two mutants with reduced NO synthesis, but root FCR activities in both mutants could be significantly elevated by GSNO. The inability to induce NO burst and FCR activity was further verified in a double mutant yucca noa1 with elevated auxin production and reduced NO accumulation. Therefore, we presented a novel signaling

pathway where NO acts downstream of auxin to activate root FCR activity under Fe deficiency in Arabidopsis.”
“Palissya, a little-known reproductive organ with a long history, is recorded from China and Asia for the first time. A new species, selleck inhibitor Palissya hunanensis

(sp. nov.), is described from the Upper Triassic Rhaetican strata of the Zixing coal field of Hunan Province. The ovulate cone has a compound shoot system that consists of a main axis and many helically-arranged axillary structures referred to as female dwarf shoots, each of which is subtended by a bract. Despite a superficial similarity, P. hunanensis differs from the typical species P. sphenolepis (Braun) Nathorst in a number of subtle but consistent features: the cone is much smaller and narrower, the bracts are Ubiquitin inhibitor much thinner, there are fewer pairs of cup-like seed scales, and the seed scales are adaxially attached

to a thick axis rather than to bracts. These traits are all distinctly different from other species of the genus. Moreover, SEM observation of the new species reveals morphological features of the seed scales and seeds and details of the female dwarf shoot; significantly increases our knowledge of Palissya; and provides new evidence that it is a conifer. Palissya is related to the Lower Permian Lebowskia, a voltzian conifer bearing ovuliferous structures similar to the bract plus dwarf-shoot organization of Palissya. Palissya-type conifers probably grew in specialized marine-continent habitats, Birinapant Apoptosis inhibitor unlike most other extant and extinct conifers that grow in drier upland environments.”
“Cystatins comprise a large superfamily of related proteins with diverse biological activities. They were initially characterised as inhibitors of lysosomal cysteine proteases, however, in recent years some alternative functions for cystatins have been proposed. Cystatins possessing inhibitory function are members of three families, family I (stefins), family II (cystatins) and family III (kininogens). Stefin A is often linked to neoplastic changes in epithelium while another family I cystatin, stefin B is supposed to have a specific role in neuredegenerative diseases.