“
“A simple technique was developed to separate Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) from Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in natural mixed infections. Sap from cowpea leaves infected naturally with a mixture of CCMV and CMV was inoculated mechanically on the first tri-foliolate leaf of cowpea seedlings. Both inoculated and non-inoculated upper leaves were sampled 3 or 8 days post-inoculation and tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers specific to CCMV and CMV. RT-PCR analysis

showed the presence of only CCMV in the inoculated leaf and both viruses in the non-inoculated systemically infected upper leaves. Total RNA from the inoculated leaves positive to CCMV only was further confirmed upon re-inoculation to cowpea seedlings. Typical JSH-23 chemical structure CCMV symptoms were produced within 1 week and RT-PCR analysis showed only the presence of CCMV in both inoculated and non-inoculated systemically infected upper leaves. Systemically infected

upper leaves of the same plants were used for CCMV purification. RT-PCR analysis of the purified virion and RNA extracted YM155 research buy from the virion further confirmed the absence of CMV contamination. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a method separating CCMV directly from mixed infections with CMV in cowpea. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“OBJECTIVE: Atypical meningioma (AM) patients often undergo gross total resection (GTR) Alisertib at the time of presentation, but subsequent prognosis and

optimal management remain unclear. We sought to define the long-term recurrence rate of AMs after GTR, along with factors predicting recurrence, including postoperative radiation.

METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 108 AMs after GTR at our institution from 1993 to 2004. Recurrence risk factors were analyzed using multivariate Cox regression.

RESULTS: There were 600 patient-years of imaging follow-up on 48 men and 60 women. Of 108 tumours, 30 (28%) recurred 3 to 144 months after GTR (mean, 36 months). Actuarial tumor recurrence rates were 7% (1 year), 41% (5 years), and 48% (10 years). Of 108 patients, 8 received postoperative radiation without recurrence (P = 0.1). Multivariate analysis including age, sex, postoperative radiation, tumor location, MIB-1 labeling index, and 6 atypical-defining histological features identified recurrence-predicting factors: older age (hazard ratio, 1.6/decade; P = 0.01), sheeting (hazard ratio, 2.2; P = 0.025), and prominent nucleoli (hazard ratio, 2.1; P = 0.034). Recursive partitioning identified a subset, men with mitoses and prominent nucleoli, with 70% recurrence (n = 14). All patients with recurrences received radiation, and 22 of 30 patients underwent craniotomies (average, 2.7 craniotomies per patient with recurrence; range, 1-7 craniotomies). Only 1 of 22 re-resected meningiomas underwent malignant transformation.