In general, the C-terminal domain determines the type of bacteriocin. The C-terminal nuclease domains are not only interchangeable but also lack species specificity [18]. Strikingly, the tRNase type of bacteriocin may accelerate exhaustion of tRNA in the cytoplasmic pool and thereby impair protein synthesis in vivo. Ogawa et al. have demonstrated that particular tRNA molecules can be digested

by colicin D as well as by colicin E5 [19, 20]. It has been suggested that phage-associated klebicin D is a tRNase type of bacteriocin based on similarity to the nuclease-like domain of colicin D [21]. Nguyen et al. Veliparib cell line reported production of a high-molecular-weight bacteriocin (carotovoricin Er) and Chuang et al. reported production of a low-molecular-weight

bacteriocin (LMWB; carocin) by Pectobacterium[22, 23]. The former has a bulky antenna-like tail, inner core, and contractile cylindrical structure, HDAC inhibitor and the carotovoricin-caused inhibition zone can be easily distinguished from that of carocin by its low diffusibility. Carocin S1 is a deoxyribonuclease type of LMWB (indicated by the letter S) and is secreted by Pcc strain 89-H-4. Additionally, export of Carocin S1 utilizes the type III secretion system in Pcc, which also controls the cell motility of the bacterium [24]. Pcc strain F-rif-18 is a spontaneous rifampin-resistant mutant of the wild-type 3F-3. Ultraviolet radiation can induce Pcc strain F-rif-18 to produce the LMWB Carocin S2. One of several sensitive cells, SP33, was selected as an indicator strain here. In the present study, the chromosomal bacteriocin gene, carocin S2, was introduced into an expression plasmid encoding two proteins, CaroS2K and CaroS2I. These proteins Anidulafungin (LY303366) were purified and characterized and their primary activities of killing (CaroS2K) and immunity (CaroS2I)

were investigated in vivo and in vitro. Results Isolation of Transposon Insertion Mutants Conjugation between F-rif-18 and E. coli 1830 resulted in ~3,500 colonies after selection on Modified Drigalski’s agar medium selleck chemicals containing rifampin and kanamycin. In bacteriocin assay, the size of the inhibition zone around each isolate was compared with that of F-rif-18. Mutant colonies were identified by smaller inhibition zones. This evidence of mutation suggested that transposon Tn5 had been inserted into LMW bacteriocin-related genes. The strain TF1-2, a putative insertion mutant, would no longer produce LMW bacteriocin (Figure 1). Figure 1 Bacteriocin assays of Tn 5 insertion mutants of Pcc strains. Strain number: 1, 3F3 (wild type); 2, 1830 (E. coli); 3, F-rif-18 (parent); 4, TF1-1 and 5, TF1-2 (insertion mutant). Other unlabelled strains are Tn5 insertion mutants of F-rif-18 strain. The indicator is Pcc strain SP33.