The eCB system allows for multiple points of interaction with other signaling and neuromodulatory systems. selleck chemicals llc In addition to regulating release of classical

neurotransmitters like glutamate and GABA, CB1Rs can also control the release of several neuromodulators including serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine, opioids, norepinephrine, and cholecystokinin (Alger, 2002; Kano et al., 2009; Schlicker and Kathmann, 2001). On the other hand, many of these neuromodulators actually couple to eCB synthesis by activating their respective Gq/11 protein-coupled receptors (for a comprehensive list, see Katona and Freund, 2012). Additionally, regulators of G protein signaling were recently shown to control Gq/11-coupled receptors and eCB mobilization (Lerner and Kreitzer, 2012), indicating how GPCRs themselves can fine-tune eCB release. Together, these studies not only support a general theme by which Gq/11-coupled GPCRs mobilize eCBs but demonstrate the existence of multiple routes for eliciting and regulating eCB release. On the other side of the synapse, functional interactions between CB1Rs and other receptors

have been identified. For example, at inhibitory terminals in the prefrontal cortex, D2-like receptors colocalize with CB1Rs where they appear to facilitate CB1R-mediated suppression of transmitter release (Chiu et al., 2010). This is probably due to a cooperative PD-0332991 manufacturer lowering of PKA activity, consistent with Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase similar observations

in the ventral tegmental area (Pan et al., 2008). In addition, work in visual cortical slices from young mice suggests that BDNF interferes with CB1R downstream signaling, thereby disrupting eCB-mediated suppression of neurotransmitter release (Huang et al., 2008). This might result from, at least in part, BDNF inhibiting CB1R function through a mechanism requiring cholesterol metabolism and altered membrane lipid raft function (De Chiara et al., 2010). At Schaffer collaterals, adenosine A1 receptors (A1Rs) colocalize with CB1Rs. Tonic activation of A1Rs can reduce the efficacy of CB1R-mediated inhibition of glutamate release (Hoffman et al., 2010). Also in the hippocampus, stimulating GluK1-containing kainate receptors at inhibitory terminals appears to actually facilitate CB1R signaling (Lourenço et al., 2010). The mechanism by which this occurs is not yet clear. Adding to the complexity of eCB signaling, evidence suggests that CB1Rs can associate with other GPCRs to form heteromeric complexes. Such interactions have been detected for CB1-D2, CB1-opioid, CB1-A2A, and CB1-orexin-1 receptor pairs (Hudson et al., 2010; Mackie, 2005; Pertwee et al., 2010). Strikingly, higher-order heteromeric complexes consisting of CB1, D2, and A2ARs have also been observed (Carriba et al., 2008).