1A). HNF-4α/PGC-1α promoted both the wild-type and ΔA reporter expression levels (Fig. 1C). On the other hand, this HNF-4α/PGC-1α–driven expression was lost by deleting or mutating site B (Fig. 1C). Similar results were obtained in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells (Supporting Information Fig. 1). We next investigated if HNF-4α can bind to site B response element. We prepared nuclear Hydroxychloroquine supplier extracts from cells infected with

a control adenovirus (Adeno-ΔE1E3) or an adenovirus encoding HNF-4α (Adeno-HNF-4α) to perform electrophoresis mobility shift assays (EMSAs). Using a biotin-labeled oligonucleotide based on site B sequence as a probe, we found that Adeno-ΔE1E3 nuclear extract bound to this probe, generating several nonspecific bands that were not competed by a nonlabeled site

B probe (Fig. 1D). In contrast, Adeno-HNF-4α nuclear extract specifically bound to the probe selleck generating a specific band that was competed by a wild-type but not by a mutant site B nonlabeled probe (Fig. 1D). In addition, this specific band was super-shifted by an antibody against HNF-4α (Fig. 1D), indicating that HNF-4α binds to site B probe specifically in vitro. We then used a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis to confirm that liver HNF-4α binds to site B in vivo. An antibody against HNF-4α immunoprecipitated a chromatin fragment containing site B; whereas, a nonspecific antibody (immunoglobulin G [IgG]) or mock control did not (Fig. 1E). On the other hand, none of the antibodies or the mock control immunoprecipitated a chromatin fragment spanning site A (Fig. 1E). As a positive control, we found that a chromatin fragment spanning the published HNF-4α binding site on G6P was specifically Dichloromethane dehalogenase pulled down by the HNF-4α antibody (Fig. 1E). Collectively, our analysis indicated

that HNF-4α and PGC-1α control the expression of PLA2GXIIB through a bona fide HNF-4α response element located at site B. To further address if modulating HNF-4α activity alters PLA2GXIIB expression, we first used the HNF-4α agonistic modulators propionate and butyrate to enhance HNF-4α activity.2, 10 HeLa cells were transfected with either the wild-type or site B mutant reporter plasmid together with HNF-4α and PGC-1α expression vectors. We found that the HNF-4α/PGC-1α–driven pGL3-mPLA2GXIIB reporter expression was further enhanced by both propionate and butyrate (Fig. 2A); whereas, these treatments had no effect on the site B mutant reporter (Fig. 2A). In addition, we found that the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level of PLA2GXIIB was induced by propionate and butyrate in HepG2 cells, which express HNF-4α endogenously (Fig. 2B).