Antiviral activity also has been demonstrated for other alpha IFNs, such as IFN alpha17, which effectively suppresses HCV replication and was implicated for future therapeutic use.2 Novel therapies targeting viral replication are under investigation,

and some of them have undergone clinical trials.3 Evaluation of drugs targeting HCV replication has been profoundly improved by the establishment of hepatoma cell lines containing stably replicating HCV RNAs and expressing HCV proteins, the so-called replicon system. The HCV replicon cell lines Huh-5-154 and LucUbiNeo-ET5 express nonstructural (NS) proteins NS3 through NS5B and are a useful tool to measure HCV replication in cell selleck culture. The heme-degrading enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) exerts anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects in vitro and in vivo. Induction or overexpression of PF-02341066 concentration HO-1 protects kidneys from acute ischemic failure6 or ischemia–reperfusion

injury,7 cardiac xenografts from rejection,8 and livers from ischemia–reperfusion injury caused by either transplantation9 or hemorrhage/resuscitation,10 as well as from apoptotic damage.11 Degradation of heme by heme oxygenases results in the production of carbon monoxide (CO), free iron, and biliverdin. HO-1, in contrast to the isoforms HO-2 and HO-3, is inducible by various stimuli,12, 13 such as cobalt-protoporphyrin-IX (CoPP),14, 15 but also by hypoxia, which can be induced by, for example, high amounts of CO.16 Of the HO-1 products, CO and biliverdin seem to be the major mediators of protective HO-1 effects within the liver.17–19 CO learn more application in vitro or in vivo can be achieved by special gas chambers, or by the use of CO donors, such as methylene chloride (MC).17, 19, 20 With respect to the third HO-1 product iron, various reports point

to no or nonbeneficial effects within the liver.21, 22 Induction or overexpression of HO-1 has recently been shown to interfere with replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),23 hepatitis B virus (HBV),24 and HCV.25, 26 We now investigated the effect of HO-1 products CO, biliverdin, and iron to interfere with HCV replication. CO, carbon monoxide; CoPP, cobalt-protoporphyrin-IX; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; IFN, interferon; MC, methylene chloride; NS, nonstructural; OAS, oligoadenylate synthetase; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PKR, protein kinase R; RT, reverse transcription. The replicon cell lines Huh-5-154 and LucUbiNeo-ET,5 as well as their parental cell line Huh-7, were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (Invitrogen GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Medium for replicon cell lines also contained G418 (1% for Huh-5-15, 0.5% for LucUbiNeo-ET).