Next, we examined whether rfbE and waaL deletion mutants

had decreased virulence against silkworms. The LD50 values of the rfbE and waaL mutants against silkworms were 1.4 × 108 CFU per larvae and 2.1 × 108 CFU per larvae, respectively, 30-fold higher than the LD50 of the Sakai strain (Fig. 1a and b, Table 1). Furthermore, introduction of rfbE and waaL into the respective mutant decreased the LD50 values in silkworms (Fig. 1a and b, and Table 1). These findings suggest that the rfbE and waaL genes are required for selleck kinase inhibitor the silkworm-killing ability of EHEC O157:H7. In other words, the LPS O-antigen has an essential role in silkworm lethality because of EHEC O157:H7. We then examined the virulence of EHEC O157:H7 in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of the Sakai strain killed mice, whereas Autophagy Compound Library high throughput the rfbE and waaL mutants had attenuated killing ability against mice. The LD50 values of the rfbE and waaL mutants at 18 h after the injection were 10-fold higher than the LD50 of the Sakai strain (Table 3). These findings suggest that

the LPS O-antigen is required for the killing ability of EHEC O157:H7 in mammals. We hypothesized that the attenuated killing ability of LPS O-antigen-deficient rfbE mutant was because of its growth deficiency in silkworms. The number of viable cells of the Sakai strain increased in the silkworm hemolymph from 1.5 to 6 h after the injection, whereas that of the rfbE mutant decreased from 0.5 to 6 h (Fig. 2a). Invertebrate animals, MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit including silkworms, do not possess antibodies, and the innate immune system defends them from bacterial infection. Therefore, we considered that the LPS O-antigen in EHEC O157:H7 is necessary for defense against the silkworm innate immune responses. Innate immune responses exclude foreign substances

such as bacteria via phagocytosis by hemocytes (blood cells) or bactericidal action of humoral factors, including antimicrobial peptides. Silkworm hemocytes incorporated a comparable number of Sakai cells and rfbE mutant cells in vitro (data not shown). We then examined whether the rfbE mutant had increased sensitivity against the silkworm humoral factors. We cultured the Sakai strain and the rfbE mutant in liquid medium supplemented with silkworm hemolymph supernatant for 5 h and measured the number of viable cells. The hemolymph supernatant decreased the number of viable cells of the rfbE mutant in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on the number of viable cells of the Sakai strain (Fig. 2b). Therefore, we assumed that the LPS O-antigen of EHEC O157:H7 is required for resistance against silkworm humoral antimicrobial factors. The antimicrobial activity of silkworm hemolymph was not inactivated by heat treatment of the supernatant fraction at 100 °C for 15 min (data not shown). In addition, this activity was recovered after methanol extraction (data not shown).