These diseases potentially cause morbidity in cattle, leading to economic losses in tropical and subtropical countries. This tick species is responsible for annual losses of 2 billion dollars in Brazil ( Grisi et al., 2002). Traditional ALK inhibitor cancer control methods, using chemical acaricides such as organophosphates, formamidines, pyrethroids and phenylpyrazoles, have been only partially successful due to resistance problems (Castro-Janer et al., 2010), use of chemicals lead to residues in animal products (meat and milk) and environmental pollution. However, alternative acaricides and strategies have been investigated, including secondary metabolites found in plants
as potential sources for arthropod control products (Isman, 2006). Recently, we demonstrated the acaricidal activity of Calea serrata Less. (Asteraceae) ( Ribeiro et al., 2008 and Ribeiro et al., 2011). This plant species, known in Southern Brazil as “grass snake”, “bitter tea” or “breaks everything”, is used in Afro-Brazilian religious rituals and in folk medicine to treat ulcers and liver diseases ( Simões et al., 1990 and Vendruscolo and Mentz, 2006). The n-hexane extract of C. serrata demonstrated activity against larvae of R. microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus ( Ribeiro et al., 2008). However, it is important to understand the mechanism of the acaricidal action of this extract. Previous phytochemical studies carried
out by Steinbeck et al. (1997) revealed the presence of chromenes (eupatoriocromene and precocene II) in the n-hexane extract of this plant. Several chromenes are known to have insecticidal and acaricidal actions ( Addor, 1994). Precocene II can Wnt inhibitor affect the endocrine system of insects, acting as antagonists of juvenile hormone ( Bowers et al., 1976 and Pamo et al., 2004). The endocrine regulation of the life cycle of insects is based on ecdysteroids (ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone), juvenile hormone, and a myriad of neurosecretory peptide hormones. The ecdysteroids have an important role in endocrine
Sitaxentan regulation of development and reproduction in ticks ( Rees, 2004 and Seixas et al., 2010), although the occurrence of juvenile hormone or juvenile hormone-like molecules nowadays is not clear in tick species ( Neese et al., 2000). Esterases, a group of multifunctional enzymes, are related to several physiological activities, such as regulation of juvenile hormone levels, digestive processes, reproductive behavior and nervous system functions (Galego et al., 2006). Carbamate and organophosphate compounds have the same mechanism of action, based on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the nervous system. Their inhibitory action on insect AChE function prolongs the neural excitation caused by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine leading to neuromuscular paralysis (Lees and Bowman, 2007) and death (Tan et al., 2011). AChE activity has been demonstrated in homogenates from R. microplus larvae ( Roulston et al., 1966). Baffi et al.