These epigenetic effects, which result in the formation of eurochromatin at the Pparγ locus, increase recruitment of RNA polymerase to Pparγ and its transcription, and restore expression of the gene which is essential for HSC differentiation.8, 9 In essence, these results provide the molecular basis of the antifibrotic effects of YGW and its ingredients, RA and BC, at the epigenetic level. Due likely to the ability to suppress NF-κB, the prolonged treatment of cultured HSCs with the YGW extract for 8 days causes apoptosis in cultured HSCs (Supporting Fig. 1). However, no apoptosis is evident during the first 2 days of the

treatment when the epigenetic Pparγ derepression and phenotypic reversal of HSCs are achieved. RA treatment of BDL mice attenuates liver fibrosis, and this effect is accompanied by suppressed activation of HSCs, as demonstrated by a marked reduction in SMA+ mTOR inhibitor HSCs. In these livers, apoptosis of HSCs is not

evident and the number of HSCs is not reduced (Supporting Fig. 2C,D). Thus, these results suggest that suppressed activation rather than apoptosis of HSCs is responsible at least in part for RA’s antifibrotic effect in the BDL model. Portal MFs, which are considered a major source of a fibrogenic response in the BDL model,29 are indeed increased in number after BDL (Supporting Fig. 2D), and this change is attenuated by RA treatment. At present, we do not know the molecular basis of this suppression of MFs by YGW and its active ingredients RA and BC, and a future study will need to address this question. BC is an active ingredient of Sho-saiko-to, a Japanese herbal medicine Selleck Olaparib known for its antifibrotic effects, and its mechanism of action has primarily been ascribed

to its antioxidant property and its ability to reduce lipid peroxidation.25 RA is also a polyphenolic antioxidant which may also render similar protective effects against oxidant liver damage and fibrosis. Suppression of IKK and NF-κB activities by YGW shown in HSCs is also consistent with its ability to suppress oxidant stress, which is a well-known signal for activation of IKK. Oxidant stress generated by NADPH oxidase is recognized as a key signaling event in activation of HSC induced by medchemexpress a wide array of agonists such as angiotensin II,30 PDGF,31 and leptin.32 Accordingly, antioxidants that scavenge NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are expected to suppress activation of HSCs. However, the present study demonstrates that BC and RA inhibit the canonical Wnt signaling that we have recently shown to mediate epigenetic repression of Pparγ involving MeCP2 and EZH2.16 Further, Necdin, which transcriptionally activates Wnt10b by way of its binding to a GN box in its proximal promoter,16 is also reduced by both RA and BC. Taken together, these results suggest that both phytocompounds target the Necdin-Wnt-MeCP2-EZH2 pathway for their epigenetic effects.