Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been also proposed as an option for these patients. [62] and [63] On the other hand, mutated NPM1 without FLT3-ITD did not appear to benefit from an allogeneic HSCT in the study by Schlenk et al.. 58 However, a more recent

report by Röllig et al. 64 challenges these data pointing to the advantage of using allogeneic HSCT as consolidation treatment even in this favourable genotype, especially when a full-matched donor is available and the transplant-related risk is low. Another circumstance for which an allogeneic HSCT may be considered as a reasonable option in NPM1-mutated AML without FLT3-ITD is when there is persistence of minimal molecular disease (as assessed by quantitative PCR) after induction/consolidation therapy. 6 In the future, the indication for allogeneic HSCT in AML with NPM1 mutated/FLT3-ITD negative genotype may require find more Epigenetics inhibitor to be revisited on the light of the newly discovered mutations. 65 The presence of NPM1 mutations has emerged as an important favourable prognostic factor also in older (> 60 years) AML patients. [66], [67] and [68] This effect has been recently described even in octuagenarians. 69 Notably, the favourable prognostic impact of NPM1 mutations in older AML patients occurs irrespectively of the FLT3-ITD

status. [57], [66] and [70] Thus, search for NPM1 mutations represents a valuable assay for selecting those older see more patients who may benefit from intensive conventional chemotherapy or even HSCT after reduced-intensity conditioning (e.g. in patients between 60 and 70 years with a low co-morbidity index). 70 No molecular targeted therapy is yet available for AML harboring NPM1 mutations. NPM1-mutated AML cells express high levels of CD33 but it

is unclear whether it may benefit from the addition of an anti-CD33 immunoconjugate to chemotherapy. 71 In a retrospective study, older AML patients with mutated NPM1 and absence of FLT3-ITD gained benefit from all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) as adjunct to conventional chemotherapy. 72 However, these findings were not confirmed in a subsequent study from the MRC. 73 More recently, a prospective randomized trial (AMLSG 07–04) conducted in 1018 younger AML patients (age:18–60) showed that NPM1-mutated AML benefited from the addition of ATRA to standard therapy (both during the two induction cycles and consolidation). 74 In particular, in multivariable analysis ATRA had a positive effect on event free survival in NPM1-mutated AML (hazard ratio [HR], 0.65; p = 0.02) but not in NPM1-wild-type AML (HR, 0.99; p = 0.95). The overall survival of patients treated with ATRA (n = 549) was significantly better (p = 0.02) compared with that of patients not treated with ATRA (n = 562), but it was independent by the NPM1 mutation status.