For aerobic and anaerobic growth experiments, all S. oneidensis strains were cultured in a defined salts medium (M1) supplemented with 20 mM lactate as carbon/energy source (Myers & Nealson, 1988). Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi were tested for anaerobic metal reduction activity in marine broth (Difco) growth medium. Bacterial growth experiments were carried out in a B. Braun Biostat

B batch reactor with automatic feedback control of pH, temperature, and dissolved O2 concentration. Electron acceptors were synthesized as previously described (Saffarini et al., 1994; Blakeney et al., 2000; Taratus et al., 2000; Payne & DiChristina, GDC-0980 datasheet 2006; Neal et al., 2007) and added at the following final concentrations: , 10 mM; , 2 mM; Fe(III) citrate, 50 mM; amorphous MnO2, 15 mM; trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), 25 mM; , 10 mM; fumarate, 30 mM; and DMSO, 25 mM. Gentamycin was supplemented at 15 μg mL−1. click here For the growth of E. coli β2155 λ pir, diaminopimelate was amended at 100 μg mL−1. Cell growth was monitored by direct cell counts via epifluorescence microscopy and by measuring terminal electron acceptor depletion or end product accumulation. Acridine

orange-stained cells were counted (Zeiss AxioImager Z1 Microscope) according to the previously described procedures (Burnes et al., 1998). Cell numbers at each time point were calculated as the average of 10 counts from two parallel yet independent anaerobic incubations. was measured spectrophotometrically with sulfanilic acid-N-1-naphthyl-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride solution (Montgomery & Dymock, 1962). Fe(III) reduction was monitored by measuring HCl-extractable Fe(II) production with ferrozine (Stookey, 1970). Mn(IV) concentration was Oxymatrine measured colorimetrically after reaction with benzidine hydrochloride as previously described (Burnes et al., 1998). Mn(III)-pyrophosphate concentration was measured colorimetrically as previously described (Kostka et al., 1995). concentrations were measured by cyanolysis as previously described

(Kelly & Wood, 1994). Growth on O2, TMAO, DMSO, and fumarate was monitored by measuring increases in cell density at 600 nm. Control experiments consisted of incubations with cells that were heat-killed at 80 °C for 30 min prior to inoculation. Genome sequence data for S. oneidensis MR-1, S. putrefaciens 200, S. putrefaciens CN32, S. putrefaciens W3-18-1, S. amazonensis SB2B, S. denitrificans OS217, S. baltica OS155, S. baltica OS195, S. baltica OS185, S. baltica OS223, S. frigidimarina NCIMB400, S. pealeana ATCC 700345, S. woodyi ATCC 51908, S. sp. ANA-3, S. sp. MR-4, S. sp. MR-7, S. loihica PV-4, S. halifaxens HAW-EB4, S. piezotolerans WP3, S. sediminis HAW-EB3, and S. benthica KT99 were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) or the Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE-JGI, http://jgi.doe.gov).

31–33 Due to these immunologically mediated differences, the diagnostic methods and the treatment and follow-up strategy can differ significantly. Regarding diagnosis, highly

specific and sensitive assays enabling to detect patients with very low microfilaremias have been developed recently.34,35 Regarding treatment, there is no indication that expatriates and natives from endemic areas with similar microfilaremias respond differently to treatment in terms of efficacy32 but as the latter harbor sometimes very high microfilarial densities, particular attention should be given when managing these cases in order to prevent possible serious adverse events. The author Alpelisib states he has no conflicts of interest to declare. “
“Our survey1 showed more than 99% of refugees in the Asylum check details Seeker Center in Bari with protective antibodies for poliovirus 1, 2, and 3; then, a very little number of seronegatives were offered inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). In Italy, since the 1970s the number of immigrants has increased yearly. Checking immunization

status for poliomyelitis in all migrants coming seems rather hard, as the accredited laboratories for the detection of antibodies for poliovirus are just 20 nationwide.2 Fortunately, the high level of immunity showed in our survey supports the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s current recommendation that foreign-born persons without a vaccination record documenting receipt of recommended immunizations or other evidence of immunity should receive age-appropriate vaccines.3 Arya and Agarwal

suggest to investigate immunity status of migrants coming from polio-endemic countries in the seventh or higher decades, but in Italy the average age of foreign residents is 31 years and only 2% of them are over 65.4 Usually they are young people in good health in their country of origin who are able to address major problems related to travel and adapt in a foreign country. Fossariinae They are people asking for asylum and refugee status, not tourists. As surveillance for poliomylietis is crucial in countries declared polio-free, our hope is that the sensitivity of surveillance system of acute flaccid paralysis in Italy remains optimal as the current state, with a number of notified cases threefold the expected value and adequate specimen sampling. Silvio Tafuri 1 and Rosa Prato 1 “
“We compliment Dr Webb and Professor Russell for their meticulous review of different insecticide formulations offered in Australia against mosquito bites.

, 1988; Tiwari et al., 1992, 1996a, b; Graham et al., 1994). However, studies on rhizobial tolerance to acidity in soils revealed that an ‘acid-tolerant’ rhizobium in laboratory cultures does not necessarily insure an outstanding survival and competition of the same rhizobia under comparable acid conditions in soil (Lowendorf & Alexander, 1983; Brockwell et al., 1991). Even more uncertain is the correlation between the rhizobial ability to persist in acid soils and the capacity of these bacteria to express their symbiotic phenotype in the same

acidity (Bromfield & Jones, 1980; Rice, 1982; Hartel & Alexander, 1983; Howieson et al., 1988). Nonetheless, acid tolerance in artificial media is considered a positive characteristic when selecting rhizobia for the improvement of Belnacasan solubility dmso inoculant products for acid soils (Howieson & Ewing, 1986; Glenn & Dilworth, 1994). As the pH decreases below 7.0, there is initially no effect on the mean generation time of S. meliloti, but further

decreases in pH (usually below 6.0) lead bacteria to a rapid decrease in their growth rate within a narrow range of 0.2 U. Interestingly, while growing at a sublethal acid pH, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and S. medicae exhibit an adaptive acid-tolerance response (ATR) that is influenced by the calcium concentration (O’Hara & Glenn, 1994; Dilworth et al., 1999). The ATR Lumacaftor cell line is defined as the cells’ resistance to an acid shock when they have been grown for a certain time at a moderately low mafosfamide pH. Listeria monocytogenes

and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, among other bacteria, exhibit an ATR when exposed to a mildly acidic pH (Foster, 1995; Davis et al., 1996). Furthermore, ATR was shown to be growth-phase specific (Davis et al., 1996), with different responses occurring in both logarithmic and stationary phases, and the onset requires the de novo synthesis of acid-shock proteins (Foster, 1991, 1993). The ATR confers cross-resistance to other stresses as well, such as heat, sodium chloride, and ethanol (Leyer & Johnson, 1993; Lou & Yousef, 1997); there is some evidence that the resistant state may be accompanied by an increased bacterial virulence (O’Driscoll et al., 1996). In S. medicae, the two-component sensor–regulator system, actSR, was shown to be essential for the induction of this adaptive ATR (Glenn et al., 1999). While the basic aspects of symbiosis have been characterized extensively, further work is needed in order to increase our knowledge concerning the rhizobial ecology under suboptimal environmental conditions such as acidity. In this context, the rational manipulation of the rhizobial acid tolerance will require a detailed physiologic and functional characterization of the processes leading to the acid-tolerant state. To this end, we have established batch and continuous cultures of S.

Travel information from CLASSP was compared with travel information from the national surveillance system of gastrointestinal pathogens in England and Wales, coordinated by the Health Protection Agency (HPA).1 This information was derived from the initial laboratory request forms completed by the attending clinician. We confirmed with laboratories that subsequent information loss is negligible. Both surveillance systems do not collect denominator data, which

would allow the calculation of response rates. The extent of E7080 clinical trial travel under-ascertainment was analyzed by comparing information provided on the initial laboratory request form with information obtained through patient questionnaires (gold standard). Travel information reported through the national surveillance system (based on laboratory forms) was assessed by calculating its test properties, treating this information as a “diagnostic test.” The laboratory forms are arranged so that travel information will be recorded in a text field and non-recording of travel

will be interpreted as non-travel from the laboratory side. In order to estimate travel under-ascertainment, two estimates of test properties are given—one assuming random distribution and thus excluding missing data from the laboratory forms and one assuming that interpreting Gefitinib clinical trial the missing information is more likely to represent non-travel and thus including these data as non-recorded travel. Statistical analysis was by χ2-TESTS and Mann–Whitney rank sum tests for not-normally distributed data. Previous foreign travel Pazopanib purchase was reported by 3,129 (22.5%) CLASSP study participants. A history of travel was more common among the

patients with Salmonella (45.1%) than those with Campylobacter (17.8%, p < 0.001). Travelers were less likely infected with S typhimurium compared to non-travelers (11% vs 16%, p < 0.001) but proportions of S enteritidis were similar. About half of the cases were male, both among travelers and non-travelers. The median age of travelers infected with Salmonella (39 y) was younger than those with Campylobacter (47 y, p < 0.001), and they tended to be older than those who did not travel (35 and 46 y). A total of 1,365 (10.4%) of CLASSP respondents were admitted to a UK hospital; those with a travel history were less commonly hospitalized compared with those without (7.1% vs 11.3%, p < 0.0001). Patients with Salmonella were more likely to be hospitalized, both among travelers (10.9% vs 5.0%, p < 0.0001) and non-travelers (20.3% vs 10.1%, p < 0.0001). This analysis excludes hospitalization overseas and is confounded by the effect of age, because patients aged under 10 and over 60 years were less likely to travel (p < 0.0001) and more likely to be admitted to hospital (p < 0.0001). The median length of hospital stay for patients with campylobacteriosis was shorter in travelers compared with non-travelers (2 vs 3 d (p = 0.

, 2006). Plant pathogenic oomycetes appear to have evolved a protein translocation system similar to malaria, which involves secreted proteins possessing an RxLR motif located after the signal peptide sequence (Bhattacharjee et al., 2006; Birch et al., 2006; Haldar et al., 2006; Whisson et al., 2007; Dou et al., 2008b). It was found that the RxLR motif is required for translocating these proteins into the host cells of infected plants (Whisson et al., 2007; Dou et al., 2008a). Bioinformatic analysis has shown that over 500 putative RxLR effectors are found in the potato pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora

infestans, and similarly, hundreds more in other plant pathogenic oomycetes (Whisson et al., 2007; Haas et al., 2009; Tyler, 2009). Volasertib ic50 It was demonstrated that the oomycete RxLR motif is functional in Plasmodium, where it can direct an RxLR–GFP fusion protein from the parasite into the host erythrocyte (Bhattacharjee et al., 2006). The PEXEL motif is also functional in P. infestans as it is able to translocate an avirulent chimaeric PEXEL-PiAvr3 protein into PiAvr3-recognizing potato plants (Grouffaud et al., 2008). Replacement of the N-terminal region of the effector protein PsAvr1b with a PEXEL motif http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adrucil(Fluorouracil).html containing leader sequences of three Plasmodium effectors resulted in the translocation of chimaeric

PsAvr1b into the Rebamipide soybean cytoplasm (Dou et al., 2008a). Before detailed molecular interaction studies between Saprolegnia and fish can be performed, it is essential to develop a suitable infection model. The ami-momi treatment

established, which involves shaking fish in a net for approximately 2 min to remove part of the mucosal layer and subsequently challenging with Saprolegnia zoospores (Hatai & Hoshiai, 1993), is a good method to characterize the virulence of S. parasitica strains (Stueland et al., 2005). However, it is not a suitable model to study the early cellular and molecular infection mechanisms and events. In order to study these in more detail, the development of a fish cell-line infection assay is necessary. Here, we describe the identification and molecular characterization of a putative effector protein, SpHtp1, containing an RxLR motif. Microscopic studies of a Saprolegnia–fish interaction using an in vitro system involving a rainbow trout cell line showed that SpHtp1 is translocated into the fish cells, also when applied exogenously. A Saprolegnia parasitica isolate CBS223.65, obtained from the Centraal Bureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), the Netherlands, was grown on potato dextrose agar (Fluka) for 5 days at 18 °C, before inoculation in pea broth (125 g L−1 frozen peas, autoclaved, filtered through cheese cloth, volume adjusted to 1 L and autoclaved again) and incubation for 2 days at 24 °C. To accomplish S.

In the MtbPDF pocket, a single hydrogen bonding between CO of G105

and NH of substrate Met stabilized the substrate, whereas in the G151D pocket, substrate binding was stabilized by increased hydrogen bonding interactions such as the one between NH of substrate Ala and CO of G105, between NH of substrate Met and Nɛ2 of H148, and between OH of substrate Ser and NH of E104 (Fig. 4d). Docking results provided additional evidence for increased space in the peptide binding pocket of G151D, leading to a stable substrate binding environment compared with MtbPDF. The available variations in sequence and properties of bacterial enzymes compared with their human counterparts will need to be explored for further improvements Ku-0059436 in inhibitor screening against PDF. The present study explored such sequence variations and highlighted an additional molecular basis for oxidative stress stability in MtbPDF. It was

concluded that an aspartate residue in motif III of PDFs plays important role in providing stability to the enzyme and in modulating the protonation of catalytic glutamate side chains. The presence of glycine instead of conserved aspartate in MtbPDF reduces its thermostability, but provides better resistance to oxidative stress, which might be essential for better survival of the organism in the oxidative environment. The present study click here also describes the subtle variations in the peptide binding pocket Miconazole of the enzyme associated with the above mentioned substitution, which could be further explored to design inhibitors with specificity towards MtbPDF. Pinpointing the molecular basis of oxidative stress resistance of MtbPDF will provide further opportunities to design mechanistically based inhibitors targeting MtbPDF. K.M.N. acknowledges the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), New Delhi, India, for the research grant. S.S.N. thanks CSIR, India, for SRF. We also thank Mr Jino George, Photochemistry division, NIIST, for assistance with CD spectroscopy. Fig. S1. Superimposed cartoon models of MtbPDF

and G151D structures, in complex with substrate N-for-Met-Ala-Ser. Fig. S2. Distance between side chain atoms of L107 with side chain atoms of R144 and M145 delineating substrate binding site of MtbPDF and G151D structures. Fig. S3. Distance between side chain atoms of G49, V50 and G51 with side chain atoms of 104EGCL107 delineating the substrate binding site of MtbPDF and G151D structures. Table S1. Primers used in the study. Please note: Wiley Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. “
“The antimicrobial activity of the iron(III)-selective 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one chelators, CP251(1) and CP252(2), was evaluated in comparison with that of diethylenetriamine-penta acetic acid (3).

A positive reaction was indicated by a colour change from violet to sky blue (Figs 2c, 3b and 4c). The LAMP reaction with HNB could also be performed in a 96-well microplate (Goto et al., 2009) and would be helpful for high-throughput DNA detection. Meanwhile, the positive reactions by self-trial were seen as a ladder-like pattern on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis analysis, verifying the results of the visual detection with HNB (Figs 2b and 4b). The detection limit of P. sojae using the three methods was 10 pg μL−1 (Fig. 4).

This is in accordance with two reports on LAMP methods used to detect Phytophthora spp. (Tomlinson et al., 2007, KU 57788 2010). Moreover, it has been reported that the LAMP reaction might be facilitated by the addition of loop forward and backward primers (Nagamine et al., 2002). In the present study, we could not identify a suitable loop forward primer, so we only used the loop backward primer to accelerate

the reaction (Table 1). This improved the reaction time by approximately 10-fold (data not shown). In the field trial, we collected 130 diseased soybean tissues and residues. All samples were inspected by LAMP, PCR, and a leaf disk-baiting method for comparison (Table 2). Compared with the other methods, the newly developed A3aPro-LAMP significantly improved the detection efficiency. Thus, the A3aPro-LAMP assay developed in this study can be used for the rapid diagnosis of P. sojae Vorinostat order in plants and in production fields. This, in turn, Ureohydrolase could make it possible to control the dispersion of P. sojae and increase Phytophthora-free soybean production. This research was supported by the National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation (No. 200903004), the National ‘863’ Program (2012AA101501), the ‘948’ project (2010-C17) and Chinese National Science Foundation Committee project (3-20). We thank Michael D. Coffey from University of California Riverside for providing us with an isolate of Phytophthora vignae. “
“The EngA protein is a conserved and essential

bacterial GTPase of largely enigmatic function. While most investigations of EngA have suggested a role in ribosome assembly, the protein has also been implicated in diverse elements of physiology including chromosome segregation, cell division, and cell cycle control. Here, we have probed additional phenotypes related to ribosome biogenesis on depletion of EngA in Escherichia coli to better understand its role in the cell. Depletion of EngA resulted in cold-sensitive growth and stimulation of a ribosomal rRNA promoter, both phenotypes associated with the disruption of ribosome biogenesis in bacteria. Among antibiotics that inhibit translation, depletion of EngA resulted in sensitization to the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics. EngA bound the alarmone ppGpp with equally high affinity as it bound GDP. These data offer additional support for a role in ribosome biogenesis for EngA, possibly in maturation of the A-site of the 50S subunit.

Another study by Rastegar and colleagues [10] retrospectively examined ART errors in hospitalized patients over a 1-year period. Of the 209 admissions included in the analysis, 61 uncorrected errors

in 54 admissions were detected (25.8%), with the most common being incorrect amount or frequency of dosage (16.3%). It can therefore reasonably be concluded from current evidence that Epacadostat datasheet continuing education for all medical staff and timely assistance by ID/HIV specialists are crucial to prevent and resolve medication errors at various stages of hospitalization, including admission, transfer and discharge. No financial support was received for the purpose of this study. “
“The mechanism of raltegravir (RAL)-resistant evolutions has not already been elucidated. Because the emergence of RAL resistance is usually initiated by the N155H mutant, we assessed the role of minor N155H-mutated variants in circulating RNA and archived selleckchem DNA in five heavily

treated patients experiencing long-term RAL therapy failure and harbouring three different resistance profiles determined by standard genotyping. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) was used to detect N155H mutants in longitudinal stored plasma and whole-blood samples before, during and after RAL-based regimens in five patients infected with the HIV-1 B subtype. No minor N155H-mutated variant was found by AS-PCR in either plasma or whole-blood samples collected at baseline and after RAL withdrawal in any of the five patients. During RAL failure, the mutation 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase N155H was detected at different levels in three patients displaying the N155H pathway and gradually declined when the double mutant Q148H+G140S was selected

in one patient. In two patients with the Q148H resistance pathway, no N155H variant was identified by AS-PCR in either viral RNA or DNA. The N155H mutation present at various levels from minority to majority showed no relationship with the three RAL-associated resistance profiles, suggesting that this mutant may not play a role in determining different resistance profiles. Moreover, pre-existing N155H is very infrequent and, if selected during RAL failure, the N155H mutant disappears quickly after RAL withdrawal. “
“To prevent the transmission of HIV infection during the postpartum period, the British HIV Association and Children’s HIV Association (BHIVA/CHIVA) continue to recommend the complete avoidance of breast feeding for infants born to HIV-infected mothers, regardless of maternal disease status, viral load or treatment. Recent data from studies among women in Africa who exclusively breastfed while taking highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), or during treatment of the infant with nevirapine for 6 months, have shown low (0–3%) rates of HIV transmission.

The observed association of H1N1 influenza vaccine with a lower prevalence rate of infection with any respiratory virus may simply be a marker for pilgrims who are more health conscious and perhaps use other preventive measures more frequently rather than due to the effect of H1N1

influenza vaccine on the acquisition of rhinovirus-enterovirus or coronaviruses. Although the majority of pilgrims in this study believed that H1N1 is a serious disease, only one fourth were aware of symptoms such as sore throat or cough Selleckchem Cyclopamine and less than half were aware of preventive measures such as hand hygiene and wearing a mask. The proportion of pilgrims using a face mask in this study was comparable to that of previous studies recruiting pilgrims from different nationalities23,24 but lower than among French and Malaysian pilgrims.20,25 It is interesting that some Muslims wrongly believe that covering the face (with a mask) during the Hajj is religiously prohibited. The low level of knowledge about H1N1 symptoms and preventive Panobinostat clinical trial measures as well as the underutilization of face

masks may point to suboptimal education of pilgrims before the Hajj. Our study has many strengths, such as the large number of respiratory viruses we tested for, and the large sample size, among typically healthy pilgrims with or without upper respiratory symptoms (to encompass pilgrims who are incubating or just recovering from a viral upper respiratory infection), in the midst of a declared pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in a very crowded setting. Nevertheless, we acknowledge the inability to recruit the same pilgrims before and after the Hajj, and sound recruitment strategies were not feasible under the circumstances, which limited our ability to further study viral acquisition during the Hajj. In addition, it needs to be highlighted that this study was not intended to be a vaccine efficacy study, so any conclusions about protective

effects of the H1N1 vaccine need to be taken with caution. In conclusion, we found low pandemic influenza A(H1N1) influenza infection prevalence among a group of fairly Y-27632 2HCl healthy pilgrims in the midst of the H1N1 pandemic. Overpresentation of influenza low-risk groups rather than H1N1 vaccination may have contributed to the observed low H1N1 prevalence. We would like to acknowledge all who contributed to the survey and sample collection from pilgrims including: Dr S. Ebrahim, Dr M.S. Deming, Dr M. Alghamdi, Dr Y. Badawi, Dr A. Abo-Dawod, Dr N. AlShahrani, Dr N. AlMasri, Dr T. Baksh, Dr A. Munshi, Dr T. Shaik, Dr N. AlObaidi, Dr U. Abdurasheed, Dr G. AlHarbi, Dr K. AlMusa, H. Alashula, F.B. Abdusatar, and M. Asqar. The authors state that they have no conflicts of interest to declare. “
“Acetazolamide has been reported to be effective in the prevention of acute mountain sickness (AMS).

The observed association of H1N1 influenza vaccine with a lower prevalence rate of infection with any respiratory virus may simply be a marker for pilgrims who are more health conscious and perhaps use other preventive measures more frequently rather than due to the effect of H1N1

influenza vaccine on the acquisition of rhinovirus-enterovirus or coronaviruses. Although the majority of pilgrims in this study believed that H1N1 is a serious disease, only one fourth were aware of symptoms such as sore throat or cough www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-0332991.html and less than half were aware of preventive measures such as hand hygiene and wearing a mask. The proportion of pilgrims using a face mask in this study was comparable to that of previous studies recruiting pilgrims from different nationalities23,24 but lower than among French and Malaysian pilgrims.20,25 It is interesting that some Muslims wrongly believe that covering the face (with a mask) during the Hajj is religiously prohibited. The low level of knowledge about H1N1 symptoms and preventive Screening Library cost measures as well as the underutilization of face

masks may point to suboptimal education of pilgrims before the Hajj. Our study has many strengths, such as the large number of respiratory viruses we tested for, and the large sample size, among typically healthy pilgrims with or without upper respiratory symptoms (to encompass pilgrims who are incubating or just recovering from a viral upper respiratory infection), in the midst of a declared pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in a very crowded setting. Nevertheless, we acknowledge the inability to recruit the same pilgrims before and after the Hajj, and sound recruitment strategies were not feasible under the circumstances, which limited our ability to further study viral acquisition during the Hajj. In addition, it needs to be highlighted that this study was not intended to be a vaccine efficacy study, so any conclusions about protective

effects of the H1N1 vaccine need to be taken with caution. In conclusion, we found low pandemic influenza A(H1N1) influenza infection prevalence among a group of fairly MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit healthy pilgrims in the midst of the H1N1 pandemic. Overpresentation of influenza low-risk groups rather than H1N1 vaccination may have contributed to the observed low H1N1 prevalence. We would like to acknowledge all who contributed to the survey and sample collection from pilgrims including: Dr S. Ebrahim, Dr M.S. Deming, Dr M. Alghamdi, Dr Y. Badawi, Dr A. Abo-Dawod, Dr N. AlShahrani, Dr N. AlMasri, Dr T. Baksh, Dr A. Munshi, Dr T. Shaik, Dr N. AlObaidi, Dr U. Abdurasheed, Dr G. AlHarbi, Dr K. AlMusa, H. Alashula, F.B. Abdusatar, and M. Asqar. The authors state that they have no conflicts of interest to declare. “
“Acetazolamide has been reported to be effective in the prevention of acute mountain sickness (AMS).