The DR image ratio R620/R575 computed for each pixel (8-mu m resolution) from the monochrome images is pseudo-color-mapped to identify gingival inflammation sites. The DR image ratio values at each site are compared with clinical diagnosis to estimate the specificity and sensitivity of the DR imaging technique in inflammation mapping. The high diagnostic accuracy is utilized to detect underlying inflammation in six patients with a previous history of periodontitis. (C) 2013 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) [DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.18.2.026019]“
“Limited

information is available on potential over-reporting of protected sex acts among US women. Of 19,003 sex acts reported learn more by 705 participants over a 3-month period, 26.9% and 9.2% were fully and partially protected by a condom, respectively. The potential for misclassifying partially condom-protected sex Fludarabine nmr acts as fully condom-protected sex acts is discussed.”
“Background: Previously, we demonstrated that input SV40 particles undergo a partial disassembly in the endoplasmic reticulum, which exposes internal capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 to immunostaining. Then, in the cytoplasm, disassembly progresses further to also make

the genomic DNA accessible to immune detection, as well as to detection by an ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU)-based chemical reaction. The cytoplasmic partially disassembled SV40 particles retain some of the SV40 capsid proteins, VP1, Etomoxir order VP2, and VP3, in addition to the viral genome.\n\nFindings: In the current study, we asked where in the cell the SV40 genome might disassociate from capsid components. We observed partially disassembled input SV40 particles around the nucleus and, beginning at 12 hours post-infection, 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled parental SV40 DNA in the nucleus, as detected using anti-BrdU antibodies. However, among the more than 1500 cells examined, we never detected input VP2/VP3

in the nucleus. Upon translocation of the BrdU-labeled SV40 genomes into nuclei, they were transcribed and, thus, are representative of productive infection.\n\nConclusions: Our findings imply that the SV40 genome disassociates from the capsid proteins before or at the point of entry into the nucleus, and then enters the nucleus devoid of VP2/3.”
“Four pairs of novel N(H)-bridged azacalixarenes derived from triptycene were synthesized by both one-pot and two-step fragment-coupling approaches. Due to the unique 3D rigid structure of triptycene, the macrocycles all adopted fixed conformations in both solution and solid state. X-ray crystallographic analyses also revealed that the cis isomers with boat conformations showed the capability of encapsulating methanol and acetone molecules inside.

For each type of strain (longitudinal [LS], circumferential [CS], and radial strain [RS]) we compared global,

anatomical level and segmental values. Results: When comparing 2DS to VVI, Pearson correlation coefficients (r) of global LS, CS, and RS were 0.68, 0.44, and 0.59, respectively (all P < 0.05). Correlation of global TTP was higher: 0.81(LS), 0.80 (CS), and 0.68 (RS), all P < 0.01. Segmental peak strain differed significantly between 2DS and VVI in 8/18 (LS), 17/18 (CS), and 15/18 (RS) LV segments (P < 0.05). However, segmental TTP significantly ACY-738 in vivo differed only in 5/18 (LS), 7/18 (CS), and 4/18 (RS) of LV segments. Similar strain gradients were found for both systems: apical strain was higher than basal and midventricular strain in LS and CS, with a reversed pattern for RS (P < 0.05). Conclusion: TTP strain as well as strain gradients were comparable between VVI and 2DS, but most peak strain values were not. The software-dependency of peak strain values must be considered in clinical application. Further studies comparing the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of strain values generated by different software this website systems are mandatory. (Echocardiography 2011;28:539-547).”
“A facile ethylenediamine diacetate (EDDA)-catalyzed

one-pot synthesis of biologically interesting flavanone derivatives from 2-hydroxyacetophenones, aromatic aldehydes, and aniline via a Mannich-type reaction is described. This synthetic method provides a rapid access to biologically interesting flavanone derivatives. To demonstrate this method, several biologically interesting

natural products bearing a flavanone moiety were synthesized as racemates.”
“Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and reinjection interval of dexamethasone intravitreal implant (DEX implant) in branch retinal vein occlusion and central retinal vein occlusion patients receiving bigger than = 2 DEX implant treatments. Methods: Multicenter (26-site), retrospective chart review Selleckchem Compound Library study. Data were collected from baseline (at first DEX implant) through 3 months to 6 months after last DEX implant. Results: Patients (n = 289) received 2 to 9 (mean, 3.2) DEX implants as monotherapy (29.1% of patients) or with adjunctive treatments/procedures. Mean duration of macular edema before first DEX implant was 18.4 months. Mean reinjection interval was 5.6 months. Mean peak change in best-corrected visual acuity from baseline through 4 weeks to 20 weeks after final DEX implant was + 1.0 line (P smaller than 0.001). Best-corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness improved significantly from baseline after each of the first 6 DEX implant injections (P smaller than = 0.037); 59.7% of branch retinal vein occlusion and 66.7% of central retinal vein occlusion patients achieved bigger than = 2-line best-corrected visual acuity improvement. Intraocular pressure increase ( bigger than = 10 mmHg) occurred in 32.6% of patients; 29.

Methods: Role of MCTs in tumor-stroma metabolic relationship was investigated in vitro and in vivo using transformed prostate epithelial cells, carcinoma cell lines

and normal fibroblasts. Moreover prostate tissues from carcinoma and benign hypertrophy cases were analyzed for individuating clinical-pathological implications of MCT1 and MCT4 expression. Results: Transformed prostate epithelial (TPE) and prostate cancer (PCa) cells express both MCT1 and MCT4 and demonstrated variable dependence on aerobic glycolysis for maintaining their proliferative rate. In glucose-restriction the presence of L-lactate determined, after 24 h of treatment, in PCa cells the up-regulation JQ1 of MCT1 and of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1), and reduced the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase respect to untreated cells. The blockade of MCT1 function, performed by si RNA silencing, determined an appreciable antiproliferative effect when L-lactate was utilized as energetic fuel. Accordingly L-lactate released OSI-744 cell line by high glycolytic human diploid fibroblasts WI-38 sustained survival and growth of TPE and PCa cells in low glucose culture medium. In parallel, the treatment with conditioned medium from PCa cells was sufficient to induce glycolytic metabolism in WI-38 cells, with upregulation of HIF-1a and MCT4. Co-injection of PCa cells with high glycolytic WI-38 fibroblasts

determined an impressive increase in tumor growth rate in a xenograft model that was

abrogated by MCT1 silencing in PCa cells. The possible interplay based on L-lactate shuttle between tumor and stroma was confirmed also in human PCa tissue where we observed a positive correlation between stromal MCT4 and tumor MCT1 expression. Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that PCa progression may benefit of MCT1 expression in tumor cells and of MCT4 in tumor-associated stromal cells. Therefore, MCTs may result promising therapeutic targets in different phases of neoplastic transformation according to a strategy aimed to contrast selleck chemical the energy metabolic adaptation of PCa cells to stressful environments.”
“Gram-negative bacteria communicate with one another using N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) as signaling molecules. This mechanism, known as quorum sensing (QS), is needed to develop pathogenicity, as well as symbiotic interactions with eukaryotic hosts, such as animals and plants. Increasing evidence indicates that certain bacteria, namely endobacteria, also inhabit fungal cells and establish symbiotic relationships with their hosts. However, it has not been clear whether bacterial QS acts in developing the relationships. Here we describe the isolation and identification of N-heptanoylhomoserine lactone and N-octanoylhomoserine lactone from the culture broth of the zygomycete fungus Mortierella alpina A-178.

Here, we show that AMACO deposition is lost in Fras1-deficient zebrafish and mice and that Fras1 and AMACO interact directly via their

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) and P2 domains. Knockdown of vwa2, which alone causes no phenotype, enhances the phenotype of hypomorphic Fras1 mutant zebrafish. Together, our data suggest that AMACO represents a member of the Fraser complex.”
“The prognostic significance of early response to treatment has not been reported in relapsed pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. In order to identify an early and easily applicable prognostic factor allowing subsequent treatment modifications, we assessed leukemic learn more blast counts in the bone marrow by morphology on days 15 and 28 after first reinduction in 338 patients of the international Relapsed-AML2001/01 trial. Both day 15 and day 28 status was classified as good ( smaller than = 20% leukemic blasts) in 77% of patients. The correlation between day 15 and 28 blast percentages was significant, but not strong (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.49, P smaller than 0.001). Survival probability decreased in a stepwise fashion along with rising blast counts at day 28. Patients with bone marrow blast counts at this time-point of smaller than = 5%,

6-10%, 11-20% and see more bigger than 20% had 4-year probabilities of survival of 52%+/- 3% versus 36%+/- 10% versus 21%+/- 9% versus 14%+/- 4%, respectively, P smaller than 0.0001; this trend was not seen

for day 15 results. Multivariate analysis showed that early treatment response at day Mizoribine 28 had the strongest prognostic significance, superseding even time to relapse ( smaller than or bigger than = 12 months). In conclusion, an early response to treatment, measured on day 28, is a strong and independent prognostic factor potentially useful for treatment stratification in pediatric relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. This study was registered with ISRCTN code: 94206677.”
“Prebiotic, such as inulin, has been applied as functional food and known for its various health benefit effects such as increased mineral absorption, improved immune response and colorectal cancer prevention. An attempt was made to determine the level of Malaysian consumers’ acceptance and market potential of newly developed pilot scale prebiotic milk chocolates (MC-1) and dark chocolates (DC-1) with no sugar added as compared to control milk and dark chocolate (containing sugar), MC-0 and DC-0, respectively. Trained panels were employed to evaluate the sensory quality of the chocolate products using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) technique and the 7-point hedonic scale was used by consumer panels. In comparison with control milk chocolate (MC-0), consumer and trained panels gave better (p smaller than 0.05) overall acceptance score for MC-1.

Except for the apparent flexibility of the cofactor itself, no major structural rearrangements are detectable indicating that the enzyme active centers are AZD8055 poised for catalysis. The structures also provide the basis For understanding the origins of substrate and reaction specificity. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“To

ensure polymethoxyflavone (PMF) extract from krachaidum, Kaempferia parviflora rhizome, supercritical CO2 extraction was attempted as an efficient and nontoxic method. Extraction yields and composition of PMFs in the supercritical fluid extracts (SFEs) were obtained under the different extraction conditions of pressure and temperature.

Nine PMFs, including 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (1), 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone (2), 5,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone (3), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (4), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone (5), 5-hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone (6), 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone (7), 3,5,7,4′-tetramethoxyflavone (8) and 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone (9), were isolated by vacuum liquid chromatography and characterized using various spectroscopic methods. The extraction yield by supercritical CO2 extraction was highest at 60 degrees C and 300 bar, and the content of PMFs reached up to 85% in the SFEs.”
“Context: Chikungunya (CHIK) fever is viral disease ARN-509 characterized by joint pain for prolonged duration in various settings. However, there are no reports of long-term follow-up of the CHIK patients from India. Aims: We conducted a cohort study to describe the clinical manifestations, incidence of persistent arthralgia, and the associated risk factors among patients with CHIK Adriamycin molecular weight identified during an outbreak in a suburb of Chennai, India. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cum prospective cohort study in Gowripet, Avadi, Chennai. We included all adult CHIK case patients identified during the outbreak. We conducted a

nested case-control study to identify the risk factors for persistent arthralgia defined as a CHIK case experiencing arthralgia for more than 15 days from the date of onset of illness. We included all 81 patients and 81 randomly selected controls. Results: All 403 case patients had joint pain. Approximately 40% suffered joint pain for up to 1 month and 7% had it beyond 1 year. The most commonly affected types of joints were knee (96%), wrist (80%), and ankle (77%) joints. Regarding the number of types of joints affected, 36% had six types of joints, 23% had five types of joints, and 14% had three types of joints affected. The overall incidence of persistent arthralgia was 80%.

The FO click here diet also suppressed (P smaller than 0 center dot 05) the co-localisation of PKC theta with ganglioside GM1 (monosialotetrahexosylganglioside), a marker for lipid rafts, which is consistent with previous observations. In contrast, the DHA diet down-regulated (P smaller than 0 center dot 05) PKC theta signalling by moderately affecting the membrane liquid order at the immunological synapse, suggesting the potential contribution

of the other major n-3 PUFA components of FO, including EPA.”
“A general aim of studies of signal transduction is to identify mediators of specific signals, order them into pathways, and understand the nature of interactions between individual components and how these interactions alter pathway behavior. Despite years of intensive study and its central importance to animal development and human health, our understanding of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway remains riddled with gaps, question marks, assumptions, and poorly understood connections. In

particular, understanding how interactions between Hh and Patched (Ptc), a 12-pass integral membrane protein, lead to modulation of the function of Smoothened (Smo), a 7-pass integral membrane protein, has defied standard biochemical characterization. Recent structural and biochemical characterizations of Smoothened domains have begun to unlock this riddle, however, and lay the groundwork for improved cancer therapies.”
“Misfolding, AZD0530 molecular weight oligomerization, and aggregation of the amyloid-beta (A beta) peptide is widely recognized as a central event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease find more (AD). Recent studies have identified soluble A beta oligomers as the main pathogenic agents and provided evidence that such oligomeric A beta aggregates are neurotoxic, disrupt synaptic plasticity, and inhibit long-term potentiation. A promising therapeutic strategy in the battle against AD is the application of short synthetic peptides which are designed to bind to specific A beta-regions thereby neutralizing or interfering with the devastating

properties of oligomeric A beta species. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective properties of the amyloid sequence derived pentapeptide LPYFDa in vitro as well as its memory preserving capacity against A beta(42)-induced learning deficits in vivo. In vitro we showed that neurons in culture treated with LPYFDa are protected against A beta(42)-induced cell death. Moreover, in vivo LPYFDa prevented memory impairment tested in a contextual fear conditioning paradigm in mice after bilateral intrahippocampal A beta(42) injections. We thus showed for the first time that an anti-amyloid peptide like LPYFDa can preserve memory by reverting A beta(42) oligomer-induced learning deficits.”
“Background: Protein interactions mediate a wide spectrum of functions in various cellular contexts.

lactis (3%), Leuconostoc citreum (0 center dot 7%), Leuconostoc fructosum (synon. Lactobacillus fructosum) (3 center dot 7%), Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides (2 center dot 8%), Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (0 center dot 2%), Oenococcus oeni (59%), Pediococcus parvulus (7%) and Weisella paramesenteroides (synon. Leuconostoc paramesenteroides) (0 center dot 9%). Of these

species, O. oeni was the main one responsible for malolactic fermentation (MLF) in all cellars and years with the exception Lazertinib solubility dmso of Lact. plantarum, predominant in 2007, in one cellar, and Lact. brevis, Lact. frumenti and Ped. parvulus coexisting with O. oeni in one cellar in 2009. Different strains (84) of LAB species (14) were identified by biochemical techniques (API strips, the presence of plasmids, enzyme activities and MLF performance) and molecular techniques (PCR). All assays were carried out with every one of the 459 isolates. To select candidates for use as culture starters, we assessed malolactic, beta-glucosidase and tannase activities, the presence of genes involved in biogenic amine production and plasmid content.\n\nConclusions:\n\nA high diversity of LAB

is present in the grape musts of Ribeira Sacra but few species are responsible for MLF; however, different strains of such species are involved in the process. As far as we are aware, this is the first report of Lact. frumenti thriving in wine.\n\nSignificance and Impact of the Study:\n\nInformation on LAB populations see more in must and wine is selleck screening library presented. A large collection of well-characterized strains of LAB are available as starter cultures to winemakers.”
“Effects of selected common phytoecdysteroids

on immunobiological responses triggered by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were tested under in vitro conditions using murine resident peritoneal macrophages. Namely, production of nitric oxide was investigated. The series of test agents encompassed ecdysteroids occurring often as major components of the ecdysteroid fraction in numerous plant extracts: 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), polypodine B, ajugasterone C, ponasterone A and inokosterone. Their structural variability concerns only variation in the number and position of hydroxyls. Two additional side-chain modified ecdysteroids: makisterone A (with a methyl substituent at position 24) and carthamosterone (with a cyclic side-chain lactone), and three ecdysteroid analogs: post-sterone, rubrosterone and dihydrorubrosterone (devoid of side chains) were included into the test series. All test compounds, except of ponasterone A, represent natural substances isolated from the medicinal plant Leuzea carthamoides and are supposed to be significant for the often reported pharmacological activities of preparations derived from this species.

No analogs were bound to serum TC, whereas the mean (95% reference range) for analogs present on HC was 245 (100-380) pmol/L. On HPLC a Substantial amount of the analogs showed elution patterns similar to those of dicyanocobinamide.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: Our methods for measurement Of unmodified corrinoids in serum demonstrate that HC carries selleck chemicals llc cobalamin analogs not recognized by TC, and 1 that on HPLC a substantial part of these analogs elute similarly to cobinamide. (C) 2009 American Association for Clinical Chemistry”
“Background: Cisplatin resistance is a serious problem in cancer treatment. To overcome it, alternative approaches

including virotherapy are being pursued. One of the candidates for anticancer virotherapy is the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Even though NDV’s

oncolytic properties in various cancer cells have been widely reported, information regarding its effects on cisplatin resistant cancer cells is still limited. Therefore, we tested the oncolytic efficacy of a strain of NDV, designated as AF2240, in a cisplatin-resistant breast cancer cell line.\n\nMethods: Cisplatin-resistant cell line (MCF7-CR) was developed from the MCF7 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line by performing a seven-cyclic exposure to cisplatin. Following NDV infection, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and immunoblotting were used to measure cell viability and viral protein expression, respectively. Production of virus progeny was then assessed by using the plaque assay technique.\n\nResults: Infection of a mass population of the MCF7-CR with NDV resulted in 50% killing in MAPK inhibitor the first 12 hours post-infection (hpi), comparable to the parental MCF7. From 12 hpi onwards, the remaining MCF7-CR became less susceptible to NDV killing. This reduced susceptibility led to increased viral protein synthesis and virus progeny production. The reduction was also associated with a prolonged cell survival via stabilization of the survivin protein.\n\nConclusions: Our findings showed for the first time, the involvement of survivin in the reduction of NDV-induced oncolysis in a subpopulation of cisplatin-resistant cells. This information

will be important towards improving the efficacy ZD1839 price of NDV as an anticancer agent in drug resistant cancers.”
“Metabolite, insulin and adiponectin concentrations and LDH, AST and ALT activities were measured in plasma of 142 client-owned cats (1-13 years old, 16 breeds) to set up a new criterion of hypertriglyceridemia (hyper-TG) with increased plasma insulin concentrations for early diagnosis of lipid metabolism abnormality including obesity. 25 cats with over 165 mg/di of plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations were decided as hyper-TG with increased plasma insulin concentrations, and prevalence of hyper-TG was 16.7% in young (1-6 years old) and 18.3% in old (>7 years old) cats examined. In the hyper-TG cats, their plasma TG concentrations increased to 6.6-7.

“
“We assessed whether repeated arsenic exposure can decrease paracetamol-mediated antinociception by modulating serotonergic and endocannabinoid pathways. Rats were preexposed to elemental arsenic (4 ppm) as sodium arsenite through drinking water for 28 days. Next day paracetamol’s (400 mg/kg, oral) antinociceptive selleck kinase inhibitor activity was assessed through formalin-induced nociception. Serotonin content and gene expression of 5-HT1A, 5-HT and CB1 receptors were evaluated in brainstem and frontal cortex. Arsenic decreased paracetamol-mediated analgesia. Paracetamol, but not arsenic, increased serotonin content in these regions. Arsenic attenuated paracetamol-mediated increase in serotonin level. Paracetamol did

not alter 5-HT1A expression, but caused down-regulation of 5-HT2A and up-regulation of CBI. receptors. Arsenic down-regulated these receptors. However, paracetamol-mediated down-regulation of 5-HT2A was more pronounced. Arsenic did not modify paracetamol’s effect on 5-HT1A expression, but reduced paracetamol-mediated down-regulation of 5-HT2A and reversed up-regulation of CB1 receptors. Results suggest arsenic reduced paracetamol-induced analgesia possibly by interfering with pronociceptive 5-HT2A and antinociceptive CB1 receptors. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“At present, the onset and progress of diabetes, and the efficacy of potential treatments, can only be assessed through indirect means, i.e. blood glucose, insulin, or FG-4592 supplier C-peptide

measurements. The development

of non-invasive and reliable methods for (1) quantification of pancreatic beta islet cell mass in vivo, (2) determining endogenous islet function and survival, and (3) visualizing the biodistribution, survival, and function of transplanted exogenous islets are critical to further advance both basic science research and islet cell therapy in diabetes. Islet cell imaging using A-1210477 magnetic resonance, bioluminescence, positron emission tomography, or single photon emission computed tomography may provide us with a directmeans to interrogate islet cell distribution, survival, and function. Current state-of-the-art strategies for beta-cell imaging are discussed and reviewed here in context of their clinical relevance. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Group A rotaviruses (RV-A) are the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in children worldwide and genotype G9P[8] is one of the five most common genotypes detected in humans. In order to gain insight into the degree of genetic variability of G9P[8] strains circulating in Cameroon, stool samples were collected during the 1999-2000 rotavirus season in two different geographic regions in Cameroon (Southwest and Western Regions). By RT-PCR, 15 G9P[8] strains (15/89 = 16.8%) were identified whose genomic configurations was subsequently determined by complete or partial gene sequencing. In general, all Cameroonian G9 strains clustered into current globally-spread sublineages of the VP7 gene and displayed 86.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Cediranib Edition; DSM-IV), NINCDS-ADRDA (National Institute

of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and related Disorders Association), and the Mayo Clinic criteria were applied to ascertain diagnoses of AD and MCI. The incidence rate per 1000 persons-year for MCI was 13.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.79-20.91) and for AD was 14.8 (95% CI 9.04-22.94). Cognitive dysfunction was associated with education (odds ratio [OR] 0.86; confidence limit [CL] 0.76-0.97 95%) and baseline MMSE (OR 0.81; CL 0.70-0.94 95%). The AD incidence in this sample was higher than those reported in a previous Brazilian study. The study filled the epidemiological gap in the evaluation of MCI in Brazil.”
“Premise of research.Well-preserved Triassic plant fossils from Antarctica yield this website insights into the physiology of plant growth under the

seasonal light regimes of warm polar forests, a type of ecosystem without any modern analogue. Among the many well-known Triassic plants from Antarctica is the enigmatic Petriellaea triangulata, a dispersed seedpod structure that is considered a possible homologue of the angiosperm carpel. However, the morphology and physiology of the plants that produced these seedpods have so far remained largely elusive.Methodology.Here, we describe petriellalean stems and leaves in compression and anatomical preservation that enable a detailed interpretation of the physiology and ecology of these plants.Pivotal results.Our results indicate that the Petriellales were diminutive, evergreen, shade-adapted perennial shrubs that colonized the understory of the deciduous forest biome of polar Gondwana. This life form is very unlike that of any other known seed-plant Selleckchem 5-Fluoracil group of that time. By contrast, it fits remarkably well

into the dark and disturbed niche that some authors considered to have sheltered the rise of the flowering plants some 100 Myr later.Conclusions.The hitherto enigmatic Petriellales are now among the most comprehensively reconstructed groups of extinct seed plants and emerge as promising candidates for elucidating the mysterious origin of the angiosperms.”
“In the present study, the activity of Topoisomerase II beta (TopoII beta) is evaluated during peroxide induced double stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) repair in primary neurons. The results showed that the TopoII beta levels were enhanced during recovery from peroxide mediated damage (PED) along with Ku70, PARP-1, pol beta, and WRN helicase. Furthermore, siRNA mediated knock-down of TopoII beta in primary neurons conferred enhanced susceptibility to PED in neurons. DSBs in neurons are repaired through two pathways, one promoted by Ku70, while the other is by PARP-1 dependent manner.