6,10–12 In our study, B-RTO was shown to inhibit the lowering of hepatic functional reserve in the long term. The hepatic functional reserve gradually decreased at an earlier stage in patients with SRS compared to those without SRS. In addition, the vital prognosis was significantly decreased in patients with SRS, and SRS was considered to be one of the factors that affect

the prognosis. We had selleck screening library previously examined pre- and post-BRTO clinical examination data and parameters of liver function expressed at a hepatic cellular level. These parameters were examined using intrinsic clearance of indocyanine green (ICGCli)22,23 by continuous infusion in combination with catheterization. The results showed increased portal venous blood flow and a significant improvement of ICGCli, which expresses metabolic activity

of hepatocytes. Liver function was demonstrated to improve at the hepatic cellular level by B-RTO.24 Cardoso et al.25 reported similar results. Namely, ICGCli was shown to improve significantly when portal blood flow was increased two-fold in mandatory perfusion in the isolated recipient’s cirrhotic liver, which became unnecessary Bioactive Compound Library at the human liver transplantation. These results were supported by the intact hepatocyte theory,26,27 and they are consistent with the improvement of hepatic functional reserve by increased portal blood flow MCE after B-RTO. In other words, in patients with SRS of major portosystemic shunt, the decrease in the hepatic functional reserve was reversible. B-RTO obliterates a shunt. A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)28 is a diametrically opposite treatment and establishes a shunt. There has not been a consensus on the effects of TIPS on hepatic function from decreasing the portal blood pressure and the

portal blood flow. There are reports that TIPS does not change29–32 or that it worsens33,34 the liver function, but there is no report stating that TIPS improves the liver function. In studies on a hepatic cellular level, TIPS was reported to decrease ICGCli.35,36 In contrast, there is no report indicating that B-RTO lowers the liver function. In comprehensively considering the reports until now and the results of our study, a portosystemic shunt is a pathological anatomy that should be obliterated. Then at what stage should SRS be obliterated by B-RTO? There are also patients in whom liver function was unchanged after B-RTO. Advancement of hepatic parenchymal disorder occurs and a shunt is formed due to portal hypertension. Portal pressure begins to decrease with the development of a large shunt (high shunt rate). In such patients with spontaneously reduced pressure, hepatopetal portal flow is decreased and the hepatofugal steal to a shunt becomes excessive (overshunting). Thus, it is thought that the decline of liver function is promoted.

In SLCO1B3 polymorphism, insertion (ins)/ins, ins/wild, and wild/wild genotype was present in 2.3%, 20.5%, and 77.3% of the cases, respectively, while in 0.2%, 10.5%, and 89.4% of the controls, respectively. The allele frequency of L1 insertion was 12.5% of the cases, which was significantly greater than the controls

(5.4%, P=0.012, odds ratio 2.5 [95% CI: 1.3-4.9]). The c.1738C>T mutation in SLCO1B1 was not observed in both cases and buy LY294002 controls. [Conclusions] The genotype of L1 retrotransposon insertion in SLCO1B3 was observed more frequently in Japanese patients with drug-induced cholestasis than controls. As L1 insertion potentially impairs the function of OATP1B3, the individuals with this polymorphism might be predisposed to acquired cholestasis. see more Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Tatehiro Kagawa, Kazuya Anzai, Kota Tsuruya, Yoshitaka Arase, Shunji Hirose, Koichi Shiraishi, Tetsuya Mine Aim: The performance of single and repeated brush cytology in detecting dysplasia or cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) prior to liver transplantation, and patients’ survival during follow-up was compared to the histopathology of the explanted liver. Methods: All consecutive PSC patients undergoing liver transplantation in Sweden between 1999 and 2013 were evaluated (n=255). Patients

were categorized using histopathology of the explanted liver to determine the presence

of CCA or dysplasia. Sensitivity, specificity, Reverse transcriptase and other measures of test performance were calculated for single and repeated brush cytology, with or without fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Survival after liver transplantation was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier estimate. Results: Brush cytology was done before liver transplantation in 117 of the 225 patients, of whom 65 patients were brushed more than once. The sensitivity and specificity of brush cytology for diagnosing dysplasia or CCA increased from 50% and 81% respectively in patients with one sampling, to 100% and 83% respectively in patients where repeated examinations were performed (table 1). When considering only the subgroup where FISH was also done in addition to brush cytology (n=64), the presence of aneuploidy increased the sensitivity of brush cytology in this subgroup from 83% to 95%, while the finding of only diploid cells increased specificity from 90% to 95%. Survival after liver transplantation was significantly lower in the group with pre-transplantation undiagnosed CCA in the explanted liver p<0.001). Conclusion: In PSC patients, the utilization of repeated brush cytology or the combination with FISH results in increased sensitivity and specificity for the detection of dysplasia or CCA.

Compared with CP group, AIP group showed pancreatic duct stenosis proximal to pancreatic calculus more frequent (50% vs. 23.9%, p = 0.107), and complete extraction ratio of pancreatic stones in main pancreatic duct was

lower, but not significantly (62.5% vs. 77.2%, p = 0.394). Conclusion: We thought about the need to devise a strategy of the pancreatic calculus treatment for AIP, which is different from that for CP. We suggest that we do not perform aggressive ESWL treatment in the buy FG-4592 case with AIP who meet the factors of 1) advanced age, 2) few chronic pain and pancreatitis attack, and 3) pancreatic duct stenosis proximal to pancreatic calculus. Key Word(s): 1. autoimmune pancreatitis; 2. chronic pancreatitis; 3. pancreatic stone; 4. pancreatic calcification; 5. ESWL Presenting Author: EIZABURO OHNO Additional Authors: YOSHIKI HIROOKA, HIROKI KAWASHIMA, HIROYUKI SUGIMOTO, HAJIME SUMI, DAIJYURO HAYASHI, TAKAMICHI KUWAHARA, HIROMASA MORISHIMA, MANABU KAWAI, HIROKI SUHARA, KAZUHIRO FURUKAWA, KOHEI FUNASAKA, NAKAMURA MASANAO, RYOJI MIYAHARA, HIDEMI Selleck EPZ-6438 GOTO Corresponding Author: EIZABURO OHNO Affiliations: Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya University

Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of IMP dehydrogenase Medicine Objective: New international consensus guideline (GL) for IPMN/MCN was published in 2012. In this GL, Surgical indications of branch-duct type IPMN were stratified w ith or without high-risk stigmata (HS) and worrisome features (WF). The aim of this study was to assess the natural

history of IPMNs based on morphological features in this GL. Methods: Five hundred seventy-three patients with IPMNs have been examined by contrast-enhanced EUS (CE-EUS) since January, 2001, and of these 255 cases with more than 12 months of follow-up were enrolled in this study. The morphological change rate and the malignant transformation rate, including the malignant alteration of IPMNs itself and the concomitant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), were evaluated. Additionally, the prognosis of this cohort stratified with or without HS based on international consensus guidelines was assessed. Results: Follow-up observation was performed for 255 patients (141 male) (median: 48.4 months). During follow-up term, IPMNs with WF increased 36 cases to 48 cases, and IPMNs with HS 10 cases to 18 cases. The rate of malignant alteration of IPMNs itself was 8.6% (22/255) and the 5-year rate was 10.7%. The rate of concomitant PDAC was 3.

Potential causes of this clinal variation include localized sexual selection, climate variation, ecological adaptation and drift. Some authors have also suggested that social complexity facilitates the evolution of large repertoires (Byers & Kroodsma, 2009). Rattling cisticolas are known to live in groups and to compete for territories using song as a sexually

selected intra-specific signal (Carlson, 1986). In at least one other species, sexual selection is thought to drive clinal variation in bird song properties across large geographic distances (Irwin, 2000). Clinal variation in rattling cisticola song features could result from sexual selection but could also be driven by large-scale geographic variation in morphology and/or ecology. Other studies of African birds have found increases in body size and associated decreases in song frequencies with elevation (Kirschel find more et al., 2009). Our results do not support this pattern, as we did not find birds singing lower frequency songs at higher elevations. We did find that birds located farther south-west, away from the equator, sang songs with lower high frequencies and smaller frequency ranges. This pattern is consistent with Bergmann’s rule of increasing body

size and resultant decreasing song frequencies in cooler climates (Wallschläger, 1980; Ryan & Brenowitz, 1985; Ashton, 2002; Meiri & Dayan, 2003). Ecological variables, including tree cover, forest type and ambient noise, have been shown to influence song structure in African birds and may create geographic gradients in song features (Slabbekoorn & Smith, 2002b; Kirschel et al., 2009, 2011). As rattling cisticolas RG7420 price are known to be habitat generalists, we expect that local adaptation to specific habitat characteristics might be lower in this species than in habitat specialists (Sinclair & Ryan,

2003). Nevertheless, habitat gradients across Africa may contribute to the variation that we observed and could work in concert with sexual selection and morphological evolution. It is likely Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase that the acoustic properties of the introductory and end phrases sung by rattling cisticolas have evolved in response to differential costs of degradation through all habitat types (Morton, 1975; Wiley & Richards, 1982). Many bird songs consist of introductory notes that have little frequency modulation and propagate well through all environments, followed by rapidly modulated trills that degrade rapidly, but may indicate individual quality (Wiley & Richards, 1982; Podos, 1997; Naguib et al., 2008). In such cases, the introductory notes may serve an alerting function, preparing receivers for the message to follow in the end phrases (Richards, 1981; Soha & Marler, 1964). The introductory notes of rattling cisticola songs tend not to include rapid frequency modulations and thus may broadcast species identity to a wide range of receivers, both conspecific and heterospecific.

Potential causes of this clinal variation include localized sexual selection, climate variation, ecological adaptation and drift. Some authors have also suggested that social complexity facilitates the evolution of large repertoires (Byers & Kroodsma, 2009). Rattling cisticolas are known to live in groups and to compete for territories using song as a sexually

selected intra-specific signal (Carlson, 1986). In at least one other species, sexual selection is thought to drive clinal variation in bird song properties across large geographic distances (Irwin, 2000). Clinal variation in rattling cisticola song features could result from sexual selection but could also be driven by large-scale geographic variation in morphology and/or ecology. Other studies of African birds have found increases in body size and associated decreases in song frequencies with elevation (Kirschel Opaganib et al., 2009). Our results do not support this pattern, as we did not find birds singing lower frequency songs at higher elevations. We did find that birds located farther south-west, away from the equator, sang songs with lower high frequencies and smaller frequency ranges. This pattern is consistent with Bergmann’s rule of increasing body

size and resultant decreasing song frequencies in cooler climates (Wallschläger, 1980; Ryan & Brenowitz, 1985; Ashton, 2002; Meiri & Dayan, 2003). Ecological variables, including tree cover, forest type and ambient noise, have been shown to influence song structure in African birds and may create geographic gradients in song features (Slabbekoorn & Smith, 2002b; Kirschel et al., 2009, 2011). As rattling cisticolas BMS-777607 are known to be habitat generalists, we expect that local adaptation to specific habitat characteristics might be lower in this species than in habitat specialists (Sinclair & Ryan,

2003). Nevertheless, habitat gradients across Africa may contribute to the variation that we observed and could work in concert with sexual selection and morphological evolution. It is likely eltoprazine that the acoustic properties of the introductory and end phrases sung by rattling cisticolas have evolved in response to differential costs of degradation through all habitat types (Morton, 1975; Wiley & Richards, 1982). Many bird songs consist of introductory notes that have little frequency modulation and propagate well through all environments, followed by rapidly modulated trills that degrade rapidly, but may indicate individual quality (Wiley & Richards, 1982; Podos, 1997; Naguib et al., 2008). In such cases, the introductory notes may serve an alerting function, preparing receivers for the message to follow in the end phrases (Richards, 1981; Soha & Marler, 1964). The introductory notes of rattling cisticola songs tend not to include rapid frequency modulations and thus may broadcast species identity to a wide range of receivers, both conspecific and heterospecific.

, 2003;

Talazoparib Dixo et al., 2009). Yet, the effects of climate change and habitat fragmentation are not equal for all taxa. For example, ectothermic species unable to regulate their body temperature and species with low mobility will likely be most strongly affected by the processes of temperature change and habitat fragmentation (Deutsch et al., 2007; Huey et al., 2008; Dillon, Wang & Huey, 2010). A group of animals particularly affected by global change and habitat fragmentation are amphibians. This group is characterized by a low overall mobility and a temperature dependence of their physiology and performance, thus often resulting in a tight adaptation to their local environment (Ernst, Linsenmair & Rodel, 2006; Hillers, Veith & Rödel, 2008). How selection on mobility because of habitat fragmentation and global change may affect amphibians, and more precisely their mobility, remains largely unknown. However, studies on the invasion of Rhinella marina

in Australia have shown that strong selection for mobility at the invasion front resulted in changes in both behaviour and performance with subsequent profound impacts on morphology and life-history RAD001 in vitro traits (Phillips, Brown & Shine, 2010; Tracy et al., 2012). This suggests that selection on mobility may have large-scale cascading effects, and that mobility is an important trait. Here, we study the exploration behaviour in wild-caught male Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis under laboratory conditions to test whether different behavioural strategies exist. This species is of interest not only because it

PtdIns(3,4)P2 is a model system in biology, but more specifically because its natural habitat in the West African rain forest belt is becoming increasingly fragmented (Hillers et al., 2008). Here, we decided to study males more specifically because in many frog species, males are more mobile than females and will move during the breeding season to find sexual partners (Wells, 1977). We analyse the movements of individuals during the exploration of a novel environment and test for the presence of behavioural syndromes. Moreover, by correlating behavioural data to data on morphology and performance, we test whether these behavioural syndromes are driven by variation in underlying physiological performance (Careau & Garland, 2012). If behaviour is decoupled from performance, then this may, for example, allow animals to circumvent constraints on the evolution of locomotor capacity (i.e. because of the presence of physiological trade-offs between burst performance and endurance capacity; Wilson, James & Van Damme, 2002; Herrel & Bonneaud, 2012a). We focus on mobility in Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis. Individuals of three sub-populations of X. tropicalis were caught in Western Cameroon in 2009. Animals were transported to France and housed at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) in Paris.

From January 2007 to December 2008, a total of 197 consecutive patients with G1 CHC, resident in Sicily and recruited at the Gastrointestinal and

Liver Unit at the University Hospital in Palermo, fulfilling all inclusion and exclusion criteria detailed later, were assessed. Patients were included if they had a histological diagnosis of CHC (any degree of fibrosis, including cirrhosis) on a liver biopsy performed within 6 months before enrollment. G1 CHC patients were characterized by the presence of anti–hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HCV RNA, with persistently abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and by alcohol consumption of less than 20 g/day in the last year or more, evaluated by a specific questionnaire. Exclusion criteria were (1) find more advanced cirrhosis (Child-Pugh B selleck chemical and C); (2) hepatocellular carcinoma; (3) other causes of liver disease or mixed causes (excessive alcohol consumption,

hepatitis B, autoimmune liver disease, Wilson’s disease, hemochromatosis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency); (4) cancer or chronic intestinal diseases; (5) human immunodeficiency virus infection; (6) therapy with medications known to affect vitamin D3 metabolism, including vitamin/mineral supplements; (7) previous treatment with antiviral therapy, immunosuppressive drug, or regular use of steatosis-inducing drugs; and (8) active intravenous drug addiction. Forty-nine randomly-selected, nondiabetic, healthy blood

DOK2 donors of the same ethnic group as CHC patients and living in Sicily, recruited from January 2008 to December 2008, matched for age and sex, were enrolled as controls. Alcohol consumption of more than 20 g/day during the previous year or therapy with medications known to affect vitamin D3 metabolism (calcium, vitamin D supplementation, hormonal therapy, alendronate) were additional exclusion criteria. All had normal ALT values (<30 UI/L), and no evidence of viral infection (anti-HCV, anti–human immunodeficiency virus, and hepatitis B surface antigen negative) or steatosis, verified by ultrasound scan. The study was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its appendices. Approval was obtained from the hospital’s Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all cases and controls. Clinical and anthropometric data were collected at the time of liver biopsy. Body mass index was calculated on the basis of weight in kilograms and height (in meters). Waist circumference was measured at the midpoint between the lower border of the rib cage and the iliac crest.

The molecular find more markers chosen were 443 bp of the mitochondrial control region and 13 microsatellite loci (12 of which were polymorphic). Among the 113 successfully sequenced hares, five yielded introgressed brown hare Lepus europaeus haplotypes, making our study one of few to show introgression of mitochondrial brown hare alleles into mountain hare gene pools rather than the other way around. Overall haplotype and nucleotide diversities were 0.91 and 0.0081, and observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.40 and 0.54. Our Swiss sample did not show unequivocal signals of substructuring and probably represents a (nearly) pan-mictic

population. We also analysed the 20 haplotypes we found phylogeographically in a global framework by adding 143 published sequences from throughout the species’ distribution

range. The resulting haplotype network lacked an overall geographical structure, but instead consisted of many geographically meaningful subclusters that were scattered throughout the network, including different groups of Russian, Scandinavian or Alpine sequences. This pattern is in line with earlier findings and expectations for arctic species and is indicative of a continuous population across the European continent during the last ice age. Unexpectedly, our Swiss haplotypes all clustered together, suggesting that most of them originated in situ after the isolation of the Alpine population in the late Talazoparib purchase Pleistocene. “
“Parasites and glucocorticoid hormones interact and affect a variety of processes within vertebrates, such as immune system function and reproduction. The nature of the relationship between parasite infection and glucocorticoid levels has received relatively little attention among free-ranging animals and results of experimental research in natural settings are equivocal. We conducted

a parasite-reduction experiment to determine if reductions in nematodes before or ectoparasites affect levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) in adult raccoons. Individual raccoons were randomly assigned to a parasite-reduction treatment (ivermectin injection and Frontline Plus® application) or control group (saline injection) and recaptured within 30 days to assess treatment-related differences in parasitism and FGM levels. Treated animals had reduced nematode and ectoparasite communities. The most common and energetically expensive ectoparasite of raccoons in the region, the American dog tick, was reduced five-fold from an average of 19.3 ± 2.5 (se) to 3.4 ± 8 ticks per animal, and was unable to feed to repletion on treated animals. The prevalence of four out of seven nematode species was significantly lower in treated versus control animals; prevalence of these four nematodes ranged from 0 to 19% among treated animals and from 21 to 55% among control animals. The parasite infracommunity was also significantly reduced; the average number of nematode species per individual was 2.5 ± 0.

The OPLS loadings scatter S-plot was used to determine those ions that contributed significantly to the separation between MCD diet–treated and MCS diet–treated mice. The identity of ions with a correlation of 0.8 or higher to the model was further investigated. The identity of ions was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry MS/MS fragmentation patterns as reported.16 Total liver RNA was extracted using a TRIzol Reagent

(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and cDNA was generated from 1 μg RNA with a SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase kit and random oligonucleotides (Invitrogen). qPCR was performed using SYBR green PCR master mix and ABI-Prism 7900HT Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).19, 20 The primer pairs were designed using selleck chemicals llc qPrimerDepot and are listed in Supporting Table 1. Measured mRNA levels were normalized to those of 18S ribosomal RNA and expressed as fold change relative to those of control mice. Small blocks of liver tissue from all mice were immediately fixed in 10% neutral formalin and embedded in paraffin. Sections (4 μm thick) were stained by the hematoxylin

and eosin or Sirius red method.19, 20 At least three discontinuous liver sections were evaluated for each mouse. Serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured with ALT and ALP assay kits, RGFP966 cell line respectively (Catachem, Bridgeport, CT). Hepatic triglyceride (TG) contents were determined as described elsewhere.19, 20 Primary hepatocytes were isolated from C57BL/6NCr mice as described16 and treated with 100 ng of TNF-α (Sigma-Aldrich), 10 ng of transforming growth

factor-β1 (TGF-β1; R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN), and 100 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl μM of H2O2 (Sigma-Aldrich), respectively. At the prescribed time points, cells were harvested and subjected to qPCR analysis. Quantitative data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and statistical analyses were performed using the two-tailed Student t test and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test and Dunnett’s test, respectively. Correlation analysis was carried out by Pearson’s method. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Mice treated for 8 weeks with the MCD diet demonstrated typical steatohepatitis, as revealed by the presence of lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning, and perivenular/perisinusoidal fibrosis in addition to macrovesicular steatosis (Supporting Fig. 1A). Significant increases in serum ALT and ALP levels and hepatic TG contents were observed in these mice as well (Supporting Fig. 1B). To examine serum metabolites, PCA was performed using UPLC-ESI-QTOFMS negative mode data derived from sera of mice treated with the MCD and MCS diets for 8 weeks. PCA demonstrated clear discrimination between the two groups (Fig. 1A), and the loading plot identified several metabolites that were significantly altered in MCD diet–treated mice (Fig. 1B).

1). Fibrosis similarly governed liver histology in patients on PN (88%) and patients weaned off PN (64%), concentrating to Autophagy Compound Library cost portal areas in both patient groups (Table 2; Fig. 1). Age at PN start, duration of PN, time after weaning off PN, absolute and percentage of age-adjusted small bowel length, ileum length, and number of blood culture-positive septic episodes correlated with Metavir fibrosis stage and portal fibrosis (Table 4; Fig. 2). Patients without an ileocecal

valve had more frequently (20 of 22) and more advanced fibrosis, compared to those with a preserved Ileocecal valve (8 of 16; P = 0.008) (Fig. 3). Lobular fibrosis correlated with ileum length, duration of PN, and absolute (r = −0.334; P = 0.035) and age-adjusted colon length (r = −0.391; P = 0.015) (Table 4). In a multivariate stepwise linear regression model (adjusted R2 = 0.425), age-adjusted small bowel length (ß = −0.533; P = 0.001), grade of portal inflammation (ß = 0.291; P = 0.030), and absence of an ileocecal valve (ß = 0.267; P = 0.044) were significant predictors for Metavir fibrosis stage. In a multiple logistic regression model (for the

Sirolimus order full model: χ2 = 18.71; df, 4; P < 0.001), the strongest independent predictor of fibrosis was absence of an ileocecal valve (odds ratio = 8.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.0-79; P = 0.05). APRI correlated positively with Metavir stage (r = 0.404; P = 0.013). Steatosis was equally common during (50%) and after weaning off PN (45%), including equal amounts of microvesicular (50%) and macrovesicular (50%) steatosis in both groups (Table 2; Fig. 1). No Mallory bodies were observed. Steatosis was associated with duration of PN and absolute and age-adjusted small bowel length (Table 4). Patients

on PN had more foamy degeneration, compared to patients weaned off PN (Table 2). Neither steatosis nor fibrosis was related to BMI or weight for length (r = −0.016-0.027; P = 0.888-0.934). Portal inflammation was more common during than Gemcitabine in vitro after weaning off PN (Table 2; Fig. 1) and consisted mainly of neutrophils and lymphocytes similarly in both groups. Degree of portal inflammation associated with degree of cholestasis (r = 0.333; P = 0.041) and portal fibrosis (r = 0.333; P = 0.041). Cholestasis was found in 6 patients on PN and in none after weaning off PN (Table 2; Fig. 1). Time after weaning off PN was inversely associated with cholestasis grade (Table 4). Expression of CK7 in periportal hepatocytes was increased in patients on PN (Table 3) and correlated with ileum length (r = −0.347; P = 0.041) and the number of blood culture-positive septic episodes (r = 0.421; P = 0.013). In patients on PN, canalicular cholestasis was associated with daily PN glucose dose (g/kg/day; r = 0.631; P = 0.009), but not with daily PN fat dose (r = 0.022; P = 0.934).