This process is primarily a function of vasodilation of the arterioles (distal, proximal, and feed) and the pre-capillary sphincters, which is to a great degree induced by factors such as adenosine, carbon dioxide, and potassium, which are released in proportion to intensity of effort by adjacent muscle fibers during exercise [4]. The close coupling of muscular blood flow and exercise intensity supports the theory that further elevations in localized blood flow during exercise may, in some cases, result in increased peak work capacity and/or increased resistance to local muscle fatigue, thereby enhancing exercise performance. The process of vasodilation

Vactosertib in vivo as a primary component of exercise hyperemia involves mechanisms other than the aforementioned muscle metabolite induced vasodilatory mechanisms (adenosine, CO2, K+). For example, the initial increases of blood flow (first 1 – 2s) during exercise are now believed to be related to increased concentrations of acetylcholine

as released by the motor end-plate during muscle activation [5]. Tschakovsky and Joyner [6] outlined several mechanisms believed to contribute to the secondary phase of vasodilation (3+ sec) including flow mediated mechanisms, the mechanical muscle pump, mechanically induced responses, muscle activation Hormones antagonist mechanisms, and red blood cell HbO2 desaturation mechanisms. Each of these mechanisms can be associated with selleck screening library different variations and intensities of exercise stresses. However, each of these distinct mechanisms shares the common function of initiating the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide (NO) is a very short-lived, reactive gaseous nitrogen molecule that is involved in a variety of physiological functions. Approximately twenty years ago, it was revealed that NO was the endothelial factor responsible for regulating muscle tone of vascular

structures, originally referred to as endothelial dependent relaxation factor (EDRF) several years prior. However, a viable means to manipulate this molecule has not been identified. Therefore, it is uncertain at this time what influence increased production of NO would have on cardiovascular functioning and/or resistance to local muscle fatigue. Nitric oxide is synthesized in endothelial cells from arginine via enzymatic action of endothelium nitric oxide synthase. This molecule diffuses easily into the vascular smooth muscle where it binds to the enzyme guanylyl cyclase, which in turn catalyzes the phosphorylation of gunaosine-5-triphosphate (GTP) into cyclic gyanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Cyclic GMP serves as an important second messenger for many physiological functions, including relaxation of smooth vascular muscle. The amino acid, arginine, acts as a Proteases inhibitor precursor to NO synthesis. Due to this role, a significant nutritional supplement market has developed for arginine-based products which supposedly enhance the production of NO.

Each subject began the trial with a 10 min standardized, dynamic warm-up; thereafter subjects executed the following high-intensity resistance training workout for 2 min, for as many rounds as possible, followed by 1 min of rest for 5–6 sets: (with a 25% overhead push-press 1-repetition maximum (RM) 8 – dumbbell

push-press → 8 – squats (dumbbells at sides) → 8 – dumbbell push-ups → repeat until rest period. The average number of rounds (and consequently repetitions) per set were counted to evaluate volume consistency. Within 5 minutes of completing the workout, subjects were randomly assigned to ingest one of the two beverage interventions—VPX BI 6727 Protein Rush™ Chocolate Dream or concentrated isocaloric Gatorade® orange flavor (see Table  1 for beverage nutrient composition)—and then the subjects returned two hours later to the testing location to execute the performances tests and report RPE. Subjects did not consume anything except water between the HIRT workout and the performance tests (2-hour fast). The second arm was repeated after a 1-week wash-out with the other intervention. Overall, the entire trial lasted 14 days. See Figure  1 for the schematic. Table 1 Beverage composition Nutrient breakdown VPX (17 fl. oz) iCHO (20 fl. oz) Total Momelotinib in vivo calories 260 260 Calories from Fat 55 0 Carbohydrate

(g) 11 68a Sugars (g) 6 68 Cholesterol (mg) 25 0 Total fat (g) 6 0 Saturated fat (g) 1.5 0 Protein (g) 40 0 Sodium (mg) 380 540 Potassium (mg) – 150 aiCHO manufacturer lists their product as 68 g of CHO and 260 calories; www.selleckchem.com/products/bgj398-nvp-bgj398.html however 68 g of CHO equals 272 calories according to the assumption that CHO contains four calories per gram. Figure 1 Study design outline per subject. The research design outline provides a timeline depicting the commitment duration per subject. Overall, the total duration of the study lasted 14 days for each subject. Both treatment

arms took place on a single day with a 1-week Thymidylate synthase washout in between. Data collection Subjects’ anthropometric data (weight and height) was collected and recorded by the principal investigator using a calibrated Omron HBF-400 body weight scale (Omron, Bannockburn, IL) and a wall-mounted Seca 206 stadiometer (KWS Medical, North Bend, WA). The 1RM push-press load was estimated by conducting the 10RM estimation protocol [23] to calculate the 25% 1RM. The 40-yard sprint and agility T-test distances were measured using a measurement wheel (Keson, Aurora, IL) and timed using an Accusplit S3MAGXLBK stopwatch (Accusplit, Livermore, CA) and basic athletic cones. The push-up test was measured based on the subjects’ to-fatigue maximum repetition. The RPE scale was measured using a previously validated tool—the 15-point Borg scale [17]. The 24-hour diet and activity recalls were collected to determine typical dietary intakes and activity trends using Fitday.com® (Internet Brands®, El Segundo, CA) [24].

coli has revealed a strong correlation between the presence of the yfeABCD operon and virulence [35]. In this study we have shown that the yfeABCD CBL-0137 cost operon is important for the virulence of P. luminescens is some insect hosts. Therefore the Δyfe mutant was as virulent as the WT bacteria in one lepidopteran insect host, G. mellonella, but

was completely avirulent in another lepidopteran host, M. sexta. This implicates the yfeABCD operon as a possible host-range determining locus in P. luminescens. The defect in virulence observed with the Δyfe mutant was rescued by the pre-loading the insect with Fe3+ but not Mn2+ suggesting that the role of the Yfe transporter in insect virulence is associated with iron homeostasis (data not shown). In this

study we have also shown that the Yfe transporter may have a role during the symbiotic interaction with the nematode, in particular during the colonization of the IJ. We observed that the Δyfe mutant has a very low plating efficiency, compared to WT, on LB agar when isolated directly from the IJ nematode. This low DUB inhibitor plating efficiency was rescued by the addition of either pyruvate or catalase, known scavengers of H2O2, to the LB agar plates. Therefore the Δyfe mutant appears more sensitive to H2O2 than the WT bacteria. The Yfe transporter can mediate the uptake of Mn2+ and it has been shown that Mn2+ can protect the cells from ROS [18, 22]. Although it was thought that part of this protective affect was due to the ability of Mn2+ to act as a chemical scavenger of ROS, recent evidence suggests that the role of Amino acid Mn2+ during oxidative stress in E. coli is as an enzyme co-factor (i.e. replacing the Fe2+ in Fe-S clusters that are sensitive to oxidative stress) [25]. Many bacteria contain a dedicated

Nramp-like Mn2+ transporter STAT inhibitor called MntH [18, 37]. In E. coli the expression of mntH can be induced by oxidative stress and it has been reported that mntH yfe double mutants in Salmonella, APEC and Shigella are sensitive to H2O2 [38–40]. Therefore Mn2+ uptake appears to be critical in some cells for their ability to survive exposure to H2O2. Interestingly analysis of the Pl TT01 genome reveals that there is no mntH homologue in Pl TT01 and, therefore, the Yfe transporter is the only means by which Pl TT01 is predicted to be able to obtain Mn2+ from the environment. However we could not detect any inherent increase in the sensitivity of the Δyfe mutant to H2O2 during growth on LB agar plates. This suggests that there is something specific about the conditions within the nematode that induces the H2O2-sensitive phenotype in Pl TT01 Δyfe. Recent studies in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (a close relative of Heterorhabditis) have shown that this nematode produces 3 intestinally localized Nramp-like proteins that are involved in Mn2+ transport from the gut lumen [41, 42]. Therefore, the levels of Mn2+ available to Pl TT01 within the gut of the IJ are likely to be very low.

Participants were recruited from various mixed martial art gyms primarily from, but not limited to, the states of Texas and Nevada. The investigators developed a new questionnaire that addressed various aspects of nutritional intake, sport supplement beliefs and usage, as well as weight cutting strategies. Once developed, the questionnaire was reviewed by 2 registered dietitians who have expertise in exercise nutrition, 3 exercise physiologists (2 of which are Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialists), and a physical therapist. Before the questionnaire was administered, a copy of the questionnaire was given to the participant so that they could visually read along as the

questions were being asked to them by the click here investigators. The investigators verbally asked the participants the questions included in the questionnaire and wrote down their responses. The data presented in this abstract focuses on sport supplement usage and weight cutting in the 48 hours prior to competition. Averages and standard deviations were calculated on Microsoft Excel. Results To date, 11 male professional mixed martial artists (29.9 ± 3.6 y/o; range: 23-37 y/o) participated in this ongoing study. On average, the participants have been competing professionally for 5.3 ± 4.6 years RG7112 price (range: ~ 0.7 – 12 years) and have had 14.2 ± 15.9 professional MMA fights (range: 2-42).

Featherweight (~145 lbs), lightweight (~155 lbs), welterweight (~ 170 lbs), light heavyweight (~ 205 lbs) and heavyweight (> 205 lbs) weight classes were represented in this sample. Out of the 11 participants who completed the questionnaire, 27.3% reported that they regularly consume creatine at least five to six times per week. Beta-alanine was consumed by 36.4% of the participants at least two to four times per week. Fish oil was consumed by 63.6% Fossariinae of the participants at least two to four times per week, while one participant reported consuming fish oil less often than once

per month. Additionally, 36.4% of the participants consumed a thermogenic supplement five to six times per week. Furthermore, hydroxyl-methylbutyrate (HMB) was not consumed by any of the respondents. Regarding weight cutting practices, the respondents lost an average of 12.73 ± 7.2 lbs. (range: 0-22 lbs) during the forty-eight hours prior to competition. Conclusions The results of the study report common dietary supplements consumed by professional mixed martial artists. Current research regarding the dietary habits of professional mixed martial artists is currently lacking and thus more research is needed.”
“Background Current research has shown varied results when comparing the effects of caffeinated beverages on NVP-BSK805 in vitro explosive exercise movements. We hypothesized that lower body muscular explosiveness would be significantly increased (p < 0.

Thirty-two selleckchem isolates (31.4%) had a unique ST, and the

most common STs among the isolates were ST-53 (12.7%), followed by ST-61 (7.8%) and ST-883 (6.9%). CC ST aspA glnA gltA glyA pgm tkt buy BMS345541 uncA ST-21 CC 21 (3) 2 1 1 3 2 1 5   43 2 1 5 3 4 1 5   50 (4) 2 1 12 3 2 1 5   53 (13) 2 1 21 3 2 1 5   141 2 1 10 3 2 1 5   262 (2) 2 1 1 3 2 1 3   333 (2) 2 1 21 2 2 1 5   451 (4) 2 1 2 3 2 3 5   561 2 1 21 4 2 1 5   761 2 1 1 4 2 1 5   883 (7) 2 17 2 3 2 1 5   1459 2 1 1 2 2 1 5   1823 2 1 177 3 2 1 5   1952 2 1 12 3 1 1 5   2956 2 17 2 2 2 1 5   2957 (2) 2 1 1 3 393 318 5   2958 2 1 12 3 2 20 5   2959 2 1 2 137 2 3 5   2996 (2) 2 1 2 4 2 3 5   3352 2 1 2 2 2 3 5   3788 4 1 6 3 2 1 5   3810 14 4 1 3 19 1 5 ST-22 CC 3892 1 3 6 3 3 3 3 ST-42 CC 42 1 2 3 4 5 9 3 ST-45 CC 45 (3) 4 7 10 4 1 7 1   97 4 7 10 4 1 1 1   230 4 7 41 4 42 7 1   242 (2) 4 7 10 2 1 7 1   1701

4 7 10 4 1 51 1   2663 (2) 4 7 10 3 1 7 1   3357 4 7 10 3 42 51 1 ST-48 CC 475 (3) 2 4 1 4 19 62 5   2955 2 4 1 2 19 62 5   3893 2 4 2 2 7 51 5 ST-61 CC 61 (8) 1 4 2 2 6 3 17   618 (3) 1 4 2 2 6 3 5   820 1 4 2 4 6 3 17   2974 1 4 2 3 2 3 234   3351 (3) 1 4 2 3 6 3 17   3509 1 4 2 4 6 3 38   3894 10 4 2 3 6 3 17 ST-206 CC 3360 2 17 5 4 2 1 5 ST-658 CC 3000 2 4 2 4 19 1 8 ST-677 CC 677 (3) 10 81 50 99 this website Astemizole 120 76 52 Unassigned 58 19 24 23 20 26 16 15   586 (4) 1 2 42 4 98 58 34   2961 1 17 2 4 2 3 5   2999 2 2 107 4 120 76 1   3354 2 2 42 4 98 58 5   3787 1 4 1 4 19 62 5 Numbers in parentheses after each ST denote the number of isolates. In analysing the relationships of clonal complexes with hosts, the ST-21 (p < 0.01) and ST-61 CCs (p < 0.0001) were associated with bovine isolates, whereas the ST-45 CC was associated with poultry (p < 0.

The reference surface was moved by accelerating or decelerating the drive with the phase shift stage under low acceleration just after starting or before stopping to avoid the drift of the reference surface caused by vibration. Environmental vibration was attenuated using an active vibration-isolated table (AVI-350M, Herz Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan). The acceleration of the environmental vibration was approximately 2 mgal. Both the reference

and detected surfaces were silicon plane LCZ696 research buy mirror surfaces. The silicon plane mirror was a square plate with polished surfaces on both sides. To prevent interference by the reflected light from the back surface of the reference or the detected surface, a wedge was formed on the back surface of the silicon plane mirrors. The designed width, thickness, wedge angle, and azimuth angle of the wedge find more were 50.0 mm, 10.0 mm, 0.28°, and 22.5°, respectively. The silicon plane mirrors were polished with a magnetorheological finishing (MRF) [11], and the flatnesses were 30 nm or less. The silicon plane mirror was supported at six points on the sample holder which was fixed on the phase shift stage, and the mirror was supported at three points on the back surface, two points on the undersurface,

and one point on the side buy eFT508 surface. Figure 3 A typical intensity map of an interferogram. From the interferogram intensities at each pixel site of the CCD camera, the initial phase of each pixel site was calculated by 6 + 1-sample algorithm [12]. Figure 4 shows the sampling for the 6 + 1-sample algorithm by the following equation: (1) Figure 4 Sampling for the 6 + 1-sample algorithm. The relative heights of the reference and detected surface were calculated from the initial phases and the wavelength. Three silicon plane mirrors (A, B, and C flats) were combined in pairs with different positional combinations (transmission reference A and detected B, A and C, and B and C) in the interferometer and used for calculation of the absolute line profile of each silicon plane mirror by the three-flat method [2]. The absolute line profile could

Org 27569 be measured only along a vertical center line on the reference and detected flats. The B flat in the combination B and C was rotated around the vertical center line compared to the B flat in the combination A and B. The position of the center and the direction of the center line on the detected flat were adjusted to be the same as those on the reference flat within 1 pixel of the CCD camera (which has 640 × 480 pixels). One pixel corresponds to 107 μm on the flat. Figure 5 shows the arrangement of the reference and detected flats in absolute flatness measurements by the three-intersection method. Both rotating and shifting were used to eliminate an indeterminate term that equated to a twisted surface [13].

CCAC, Ottawa, ON; 1993. 38. Ng L,

Martin KI, Alfa M, Mulvey M: Multiplex PCR for the detection of tetracycline resistant genes. Mol Cell Probes 2001, 15: 209–215.PubMedCrossRef 39. Lanz R, Kuhnert P, Boerlin P: Antimicrobial PF-6463922 in vitro resistance and resistance gene determinants in clinical Escherichia coli from different animal species in Switzerland. Vet Microbiol 2003, 91: 73–84.PubMedCrossRef 40. Nadkarni MA, Martin FE, Jaques NA, Hunter N: Determination of bacterial load by real-time PCR using a broad range (universal) probe and primer set. Microbiol 2002, 148: 257–266. 41. Huws SA, Edwards JE, Kim EJ, Scollan ND: Specificity and sensitivity of Eubacterial primers utilized for molecular profiling of bacteria within complex microbial ecosystems. J Microbiol Meth 2007, 70: 565–569.CrossRef 42. SAS Institute Inc: SAS/STAT User’s Guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA; 2001. Authors’ contributions TWA participated in study design and coordination, data analysis and drafted the manuscript. LJY participated in study design and sample collection. TR consulted on PCR analysis. RRR provided information on the relevance of the findings to human health. ET consulted see more on environmental implications of transmission of resistance genes. LBS assisted with study coordination. TAM was the overall project leader and participated in design and coordination of project

and contributed Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) to the final copy of the manuscript. All authors have read and approve the final manuscript.”
“Background

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of both nosocomial and community-acquired infections worldwide. Because staphylococci can adapt rapidly to varying environmental conditions they are quick to develop resistance to virtually all antibiotics and multiple-drug resistance, especially in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), severely restricts antibiotic therapy options. One of the major targets for antimicrobial agents is the bacterial cell envelope, which is a complex, multi-macromolecular structure that undergoes highly ordered cycles of synthesis and hydrolysis, in order to facilitate cell division while maintaining a protective barrier against environmental stresses. There are several different classes of antibiotics that Selleck GSK2118436 target specific cell envelope structures or enzymatic steps of cell wall synthesis (Figure 1). Figure 1 Schematic representation of the enzymatic steps involved in S. aureus cell wall synthesis and the targets of cell wall active antibiotics. Fosfomycin inhibits the enzyme MurA (UDP- N -acetylglucosamine-3-enolpyruvyl transferase) that catalyses the addition of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP- N -acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) to form UDP-N-acetyl-muramic acid (UDP-MurNAc) [34]. D-cycloserine prevents the addition of D-alanine to the peptidoglycan precursor by inhibiting D-alanine:D-alanine ligase A and alanine racemase [35].

The

three CA models correctly predicted the animal/human source of the external validation sample (sewage), indicating that a significant part of the E. coli phylo-group diversity was covered by the strains database, which reveals the stability of the models. E. coli samples from the Jaguari and Sorocaba Rivers [23] were also used to test the CA model based on phylo-group distribution. Our analysis suggested that pigs were the major source of fecal contamination in both rivers, which is in agreement with Orsi et al. [23], confirming that the major source of fecal contamination of these rivers was non-human. Therefore, these results indicate that the CA model can be efficiently applied in the discrimination of E. coli strains from different animal sources. Both classifier tools (BLR and PLS-DA) and both validation SN-38 clinical trial methods (cross-validation and train-test) exhibited similar overall error rates for each strain separation analyzed. This way, the statistical method used

did not show a significant interference in the obtained results. Excluding the chicken sample, the best classification was obtained when the E. coli strains were separated according to the feeding habits of the hosts (omnivorous and herbivorous mammals). Although the classification error rates found could be considered high, similar error rates were observed in other BST studies [30, 31]. Since it is very difficult to find host-specific strains or genetic markers Akt cancer [4, 32], in this work we propose a new approach to identify the animal source of fecal contamination in water systems. This approach is based on the specificity of the E. coli population structure Etomidate instead of host-specific strains. Geographic variation of the E. coli population structure was reported in the literature [10, 32] and since the relative abundance of phylo-groups among hosts can be easily

characterized, this approach can be implemented in different regions of the world as a supplementary bacterial source tracking tool. Although our data is consistent in showing the potential applicability of this approach, we are aware that there might be some limitations due to the limited number of fecal pollution sources analyzed. Methods The present study has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the State University of Nec-1s order Campinas School of Medical Sciences. Escherichia coli Strains Two hundred and forty one strains of E. coli were isolated (collected with sterile swabs) from fecal samples of a variety of hosts (Table 6). Each strain was isolated from a single animal. These strains were used to build the calibration set for further statistical analysis. Table 6 Source and number of E. coli strains used in this study Source Number of Strains References Human 94 Gomes et al. [39] Cow 50 Vicente et al. [40] Chicken 13 Silveira et al. [41] Pig 39 Isolated according to Vicente et al.

Silver nanoparticles A first simple experiment consists in impregnating the porous silica xerogel with a low-concentrated aqueous solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3, 0.02 M) and then irradiating it with a CW argon laser at 514.5 nm. As summarized in Figure 3b, the Selleck JQ-EZ-05 sample is irradiated

through a microscope objective, giving a spot of diameter of 10 μm, which is scanned on the sample at a speed of 1 mm/s to write or draw a motif or to cover a sufficient surface, in order to perform characterization experiments. As shown in Figure 4a, a brown color appears at the surface of the sample after depositing about 700 J/cm2. In the absorption spectra of the doping solution and of the doped xerogel before irradiation, the band at 260 nm can be attributed to Ag+ ions or to Ag2 + dimmer formation. In the spectrum of the irradiated zone, Luminespib cell line this band is replaced by a large band around 418 nm, ascribable to the SPR of silver NP (Ag-NP). The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) also reveals the presence of Ag-NPs in this zone (Figure 4b). The measured interplanar distance of about 0.2 nm

corresponds well to the d 200 distance of cubic silver structure. Particles do not really have a spherical shape, Combretastatin A4 in vitro but more important is the NP diameter that can reach over 20 nm, namely a diameter larger than the mean pore size. Thus, it is obvious that a fast diffusion of Ag atoms occurs between the interconnected pores, and this fast process is prone to destroy or at least to rearrange the silica network in order to allow larger pores to be created. This result and the amplitude of the absorbance

band are the signs of a rather efficient growth process, in connection with an efficient reduction process of the silver cations. Now, electrons involved in this reduction essentially come from the matrix. Actually, in a xerogel before its densification, the important specific surface area provides C59 ic50 propitious conditions for the existence of a wide variety of defects, like oxygen vacancies or Si-OH dangling bonds [27, 28]; these defects are sufficient to provide electrons under laser irradiation and to reduce the Ag+ ions liberated by the nitrate. However, this reduction process is not perfect because probable oxide phases (Ag2O) could also be detected by other TEM analysis (Figure 4c). This reflects the natural tendency of Ag-NP to be oxidized if they are not protected. Figure 4 Local growth of Ag-NP under CW laser irradiation at 514 nm. (a) Optical absorption spectra of a sample doped with silver nitrate in various conditions and a photograph of the ‘written’ sample after irradiation. (b) Corresponding TEM images showing Ag-NP of large dimensions.

4 and 5, respectively. The matrices shown here are representative for optimal growth conditions (low to medium light intensity depending on species, nutrient replete growth media and sampled during the exponential growth phase). The F 0 fluorescence matrices show prominent fluorescence emission features in cyanobacteria under orange-red excitation that are characteristic

of PBS (fluorescence emission around 650 nm from allophycocyanin) and Chla (680 nm) pigments. In contrast, the algal strains reflect the absorption p38 MAPK cancer of light by chlorophylls and carotenoids in the blue-green spectral region with a sharply defined emission related to Chla fluorescence. Fig. 4 F 0 excitation–emission matrices of a culture of each of the species included in this study. These cultures were sampled under nutrient replete growth conditions and had F v/F m values of 0.6–0.7. The matrices are normalized to the spectral maximum to facilitate Fludarabine clinical trial comparison

of spectral differences between the different species Fig. 5 F v/F m excitation–emission matrices for the cultures shown in Fig. 4 Despite the sharp distinction in F 0 profiles observed between algae and cyanobacteria, F v/F m matrices (Fig. 5) show relatively constant F v/F m in the Chla emission band in both cyanobacteria and algae. For algal fluorescence, the variable component extends along the whole excitation spectrum for emission from ~650 to at least 750 nm (the maximum measured). The excitation–emission patterns for the cyanobacterial cultures show a smoother transition from low to high F v/F m when emission wavelength increases towards the maximum of PSII Chla (680–690 nm), but a sharp drop of F v/F m at longer emission wavelengths (>700 nm). These features

can respectively be explained by a variable component to PBS fluorescence (discussed further below), and the allocation of most Chla molecules to the non-variable PSI in cyanobacteria (Johnsen and Sakshaug 1996, 2007). The feature-rich F v/F m profile of cyanobacteria implies that the spectral location and bandwidth of emission detection can have a major these influence on Thiazovivin purchase readings of F v/F m, when we target Chla emission in cyanobacteria. Optimization of detector slit spectral position and bandwidth for equivalent readings of F v/F m in cyanobacteria and algae are discussed in more detail below. Simulations of community fluorescence F v/F m is used to assess the maximum efficiency of PSII in dark-acclimated cells. F v/F m can be expressed for all waveband pairs in the excitation/emission matrix, and because the fluorescence excitation–emission matrices of algae and cyanobacteria differ prominently (Fig.